Oncogenes and Cancer

Knudson AG Jr. Hereditary cancer, oncogenes, and anti-oncogenes. Cancer Res 1985 45 1437-81,... 

TABLE 5.22 Important Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Cancers... 

Targeted cancer therapy refers to anticancer treatments that selectively interfere with molecules ( oncogenes and antioncogenes) considered to be important in neoplastic transformation, cell proliferation, invasion... 

In concordance with the central role of ubiquitin modification in multiple cellular functions perturbations of this system are associated with a variety of diseases. Defects in the control of cell cycle regulators by the ubiquitin proteasome system are connected to cancer progression and many E3 ligases were originally identified as oncogenes. 

G. F. (1984). Properties of the mouse and human mos oncogene loci. In The Cancer Cell-Oncogenes and Viral Genes, (Vande Woude, G. F., Levine, A. J., Topp, W. C., and Watson, J. D., eds.) pp. 281-289. Cold Spring Harbor, Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. 

D8. Duffy, M. J., Cellular oncogenes and suppressor genes as prognostic markers in cancer. Clin. Biochem. 26, 439-447 (1993). 

E. K. Sloan, K. L. Stanley, and R. L. Anderson. Caveolin-1 inhibits breast cancer growth and metastasis. Oncogene 23 7893-7897 (2004). 

Gstaiger, M. et al. Skp2 is oncogenic and overexpressed in human cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98, 5043-8. 

Gene therapy offers another potential avenue to fix the defective gene. The therapy itself is by no means straightforward. In a French gene therapy trial, three boys with SCID were treated using retrovirus-based gene therapy. They later developed cancer and one died of leukemia. Reviews showed that the retrovirus inserted near oncogenes and promoted development of cancer. 

Nagar S, Remmel RP (2006) Uridine diphosphoglucuronosyltransferase pharmacogenetics and cancer. Oncogene 25 1659-1672... 

By now, we have put together a lot of the cancer story. We know that cancer is a disease originating in a single cell that has overcome the normal limits to its growth and proliferation and that mutations in proto-oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes are required for this to happen. Beyond that, we know that multiple such mutations are usually required. 

The sequence of events from mutations or damage to proto-oncogenes and leads to tumour suppressor genes, loss of development of cancer, with its metabolic disturbances and cachexia. Finally these changes can lead to... 

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