Olson extraction

For these reasons, basic soils are extracted using a basic solution. The most common is the Olson extractant, which is 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03). 

Due to the effect of plant roots and the natural or normal decomposition of soil minerals, some phosphate and other nutrients will become available [7] during the growing season and thus must be accounted for. The soluble and exchangeable phosphate (i.e., the immediately available phosphate) and that portion of the soil phosphate that will become available to plants during the growing season are determined by the Olson extractant. A typical base extraction of soil nutrients is given in Procedure 11.7 ... 

Procedure 11.7. Extraction of Basic Soils (Olson Extraction)... 

There are only a few extractions other than the Olson extraction for basic soils [8,9], A typical basic environmental extraction of soil is given in Procedure 11.8. Note that in this procedure, the components of interest are first extracted with basic solutions. Thus, the components present in the final analysis will only be those extracted by base. However, acid is used to adjust the pH before final analysis, although the solution is still basic (pH 7.5), at the end of the procedure [15],... 

L.K. Olson and J.A. Camso, Proceedings 5th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction, Baltimore, MD (1994), Paper 14. 

Nagao A, During A, Hoshino C, Terao J and Olson JA. 1996. Stoichiometric conversion of all-trans-fi-carotene to retinal by pig intestinal extract. Arch Biochem Biophys 328 57-63. 

Long, L. M. Olson, S. C. Bobzin, H. Irth High resolution screening of plant natural product extracts for estrogen receptor alpha and beta binding activity using an online HPLC-MS biochemical detection system, f Biomol Screen 2001, 6, 291-303. 

Henrickson and Selmer-Olson [18] applied an autoanalyser to the determination of nitrate and nitrite in soil extracts. In an autoanalyser, the water sample, buffered to pH 8.6 with aqueous ammonia-ammonium chloride, is passed through a copperised cadmium reductor column. The nitrite formed is reacted with sulfuric acid and N-l-naphthylethylenediamine, and the extinction of the azo dye is measured at 520 nm. For soil extracts, the range and standard deviation are 0.5-1.0 and 0.007mg/1, respectively. 

Frolick Olson describe the conventional methods of extracting retinoids from biological samples236. They stress the delicacy of the retinoids and describe two important points to consider, (1) whether the method chosen will result in complete extraction of the retinoid of interest, and (2) whether it will contribute to the production of artifacts. Unfortunately, they do not consider whether the product itself could be degraded. They do stress the sensitivity of these labile compounds to both hydrolysis and oxidation. They also address the use of fluorescence in assays. This work points out that the use of fluorescence is a negative test for the retinoids of vision when in liquid crystalline form. They point out that mass spectrometry is one of the most specific forms of assay for the retinoids. The utility of this technique will be discussed in Chapter 6. They do not describe how the techniques mentioned are able to remove a retinoid from within the putative rhodopsin molecule, or how to do in without damage to the retinoid. 

The method described is an adaptation by Coker (1978) of the original method of Olson (1975). Selenium is extracted by digestion of the biological sample in a mixture of concentrated HNO3, and perchloric acid. The resultant mixture which contains the selenium as SeO -is reacted with diaminonaphthalene (DAN) and the diazoselenol is extracted into cyclohexane. 

Lehrer SB, Lopez M, Butcher BT, Olson J, Reed M, Salvaggio JE Basidiomycete mycelia and spore-allergen extracts Skin test reactivity in adults with symptoms of respiratory allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986 78 478-485. 

Nitrate can also be converted to N02 using cadmium reduction (columns or spongy cadmium) as described above. Once the NOa" is in the form of N02, the N02 can be isolated via organic extraction (e.g., Olson, 1981) or with SPE after the N02 is converted to an azo dye (Kator et al, 1992). Nitrate can be isolated by conversion to N2O via sodium azide in an acetic acid buffer solution (Mcllvin and Altabet, 2005). Another approaches uses a genetically engineered denitrifier to convert N03 to N2O (Sigman et al, 2001) the bacteria wiU denitrify NOa" in a sample to N2O, but lacking nitrous oxide reductase the bacteria cannot take the reaction to completion and form N2. The N2O produced by either approach can then be analyzed on a mass spectrometer. A more detailed discussion of these methods is presented in Chapter 31 by Lipschultz, this volume. 

The earliest approaches to measuring the concentration of nitrate and nitrite rehed on the conversion to a highly colored azo dye. Initial approaches to analysis of the isotopic content of nitrate and nitrite relied on similar conversion followed by extraction of the dye into an organic solvent in a separatory funnel. The organic phase was then removed, evaporated and the extracted dye analyzed for isotopic content (Olson, 1981 Schell, 1978 Wada and Hattori, 1972). The extraction was... 

Without access to the ion resin, Bronk and Ward (1999) switched to vacuum distillation to remove NH4+, followed by peroxide oxidation under UV radiation to convert DON to NOs". The nitrate was then reduced to nitrite and isolated by solvent extraction using tricholoroethanol (Olson, 1981) (Section 3.3). As noted above, Miyajima et al. (2005) have recently also analyzed DON by conversion to nitrate but employed GC-MS analysis of the PFB derivative. Their approach has the advantage of requiring small sample sizes, which also permits simply drying the sample to remove NH4+ during the DIN removal step. Clearly, any of the methods for NOs analysis (Section 3.3) would be suitable for this purpose too. 

Rodrigues Gonzalo E, Perez Pavon JL, Ruzicka J, Christian GD, and Olson DC. Flow-injection analysis determination of phenols in kerosene and naphtha by membrane extraction-preconcentration. Anal. Chim. Acta 1992 259 37 14. 

Nagao, A., During, A., Hoshino, C., Terao, J., and Olson, J. A. (1996). Stoichometric conversion of all-trans- l Caroienc to retinal by pig intestinal extract. Amlt. ftiochmi. Biophys. 328, 57-63. 

Napoli et al. (23) developed a sensitive assay based on negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry to quantify retinoic acid in human plasma. Endogenous levels of all trans retinoic acid in plasma were 4.9 ng/ml, using a 0.1 ml sample. The limit of detection was less than 1 ng/ml. Direct quantification of 13-cis retinoic acid was impossible due to the inability of the GC to resolve the isomers. Barua and Olson (33) described a method to quantify all trans retinoic acid in serum using reverse phase HPLC. They detected 1.8 ng/ml of the all trans isomer, using a 2 ml serum sample and a non-acidic extraction procedure. 

Of course, liquid-hquid extraction also may be a useful option when the components of interest simply cannot be separated by using distillation methods. An example is the use of hquid-liquid extraction employing a steam-strippable solvent to remove nonstrippable, low-volatility contaminants from wastewater [Robbins, Chem. Eng. Prog., 76(10), pp. 58-61 (1980)]. The same process scheme often provides a cost-effective alternative to direct distillation or stripping of volatile impurities when the relative volatility of the impurity with respect to water is less than about 10 [Robbins, U.S. Patent 4,236,973 (1980) Hwang, Keller, and Olson, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31, pp. 1753—1759 (1992) and Frank et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 46(11), pp. 3774-3786 (2007)]. 

Furr, H.C. Amedee-Manesme, O. Olson, J.A. Gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of naturally occurring retinoids. J.Chromatogr., 1984, 309, 299-307 [gradient rat human pig liver kidney extracted retinyl esters, tretinoin, vitEunin A]... 

Earlier FAAS techniques for measuring serum copper levels which included protein precipitation with trichloroacetic acid (Olson and Hamlin, 1968) and/or solvent extraction have been superseded by simpler procedures using either large sample dilution or viscosity adjusted reference solutions with minimal dilution. The analyses are made mainly using continuous nebulization, discrete sample injection or by flow injection techniques with little advantage gained from flame adaptors to increase sensitivity. 

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