Oligosaccharides starch-derived

Rgure 5 Gel filtration chromatography of starch-derived oligosaccharides on a Bio-Gel P2 column. Peak numbers refer to the degree of polymerization. 

Nowadays there is scientific evidence that, besides plant polysaccharides and lignin, other indigestible compounds such as resistant starch, oligosaccharides, Maillard compounds, and phytochemicals—mainly polyphenols—can be considered DF constituents (Saura-Calixto and others 2000). Of these substances, resistant starch is a major constituent in cereals, whereas phytochemicals are the most important such substance in fruits and vegetables. Here, we address mainly polyphenols and carotenoids associated with DF in fruits and vegetables because of the important biological properties derived from them. 

Polymerization in P-cyclodextrin (CD) complexes with monomer offers a route to polymerization, as well as other organic reactions, in water without the need for organic solvents [Ritter and Tabatabai, 2002]. P-Cyclodextrins are toms-shaped, cyclic oligosaccharides obtained by degradation of starch. The hydroxyl groups of the glucose repeat unit of CD are located on the outer surface. This makes the outer surface hydrophilic, whereas the inner surface and cavity are hydrophobic. Water-insoluble monomers become solubilized in water when mixed with CD or CD derivatives because the monomers are absorbed into the cavity. This allows polymerization in aqueous, not organic media, with water-soluble initiators. 

Corn (maize) syrup is a sweetener derived from corn starch by a process that was first commercialized in the 1920s. Corn syrup is composed of glucose and a variety of sugars described as the maltose series of oligosaccharides. These syrups are not as sweet as sucrose, but are very often used in conjunction with sugar in confections and odier food products. 

For the analysis of water-soluble polymers (such as surfactants, oligosaccharides, PEGS, lignosulfonates, polyacrylates, polysaccharides, PVA, cellulose derivatives, PEG, polyacrylic acids, polyacrylamides, hyaluronic acids, CMC, starches, gums) and for separations of oligomers and small molecules, columns that are comprised of macroporous material with hydrophilic functionalities may be used. The requirement for these columns in SEC mode is to eliminate or minimize ionic and hydrophobic effects that make aqueous SEC (otherwise known as GFC) very demanding. The interaction of analytes with neutral, ionic, and hydrophobic moieties must be suppressed. It is often necessary to modify the eluent (addition of salt) in order to avoid sample-to-sample and sample-to-column interactions that can result in poor aqueous SEC separations and low recoveries. 

The term carbohydrate refers to a class of polyhydroxy aldehydes and polyhydroxy ketones with the general formula (CH O),. The name derives from the composition of the formula unit, that is, carbon plus water. All carbohydrates are composed of basic units called monosaccharides. Polymers containing two to six monosaccharides are called oligosaccharides those with more are called polysaccharides. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides. Monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are also called sugars. 

Cyclodextrins are crystalline, nonhygroscopic, cyclic oligosaccharides derived from starch. Among the most commonly used forms are a-, P-, and y-cyclodextrin, which have respectively 6, 7, and 8 glucose units see Section 5. 

Cyclodextrins are crystalline, nonhygroscopic, cyclic oligosaccharides derived from starch see Cyclodextrins). Sulfobutylether P-cyclodextrin is an amorphous, anionic substituted P-cyclodextrin derivative (see Section 8) other substituted cyclodextrin derivatives are also available see Section 17). 

Carbohydrates, or starches, which are complex polysaccharides, are hydrolyzed to oligosaccharides and disaccharides by the action of pancreatic amylase. Disaccharides, including lactase, sucrase, and maltase, are enzymatically split by enzymes contained in the microvilli of enterocytes. Glucose and other monosaccharides are absorbed by an active transport mechanism and this action is coupled to energy derived from a sodium pump mechanism. 

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