Olide

Advanced ab initio i/lethods. Density -unctional Theory and olid-state Quantum /lechanics... 

A lactone is named by replacing the oic acid ending of the parent carboxylic acid by olide and identifying its oxygenated carbon by number This system is illustrated m the lactones shown m the preceding equations Both 4 butanolide and 5 pentanolide are... 

Z) 5 Tetradecen 4 olide (sex pheromone of female Japanese beetle)... 

Notice that (Z) 5 tetradecen 4 olide IS a cyclic ester Recall from Section 19 15 that cyclic esters are called lactones and that the suffix olide is char acteristic of lUPAC names for lactones... 

Lactones formed from aliphatic acids are named by adding -olide to the name of the nonhydrox-ylated hydrocarbon with the same number of carbon atoms. The suffix -olide signifies the change of 2=CH CH, into 2= C C = 0. 

Lactides, intermolecular cyclic esters, are named as heterocycles. Lactams and lactims, containing a —CO—NH— and —C(OH)=N— group, respectively, are named as heterocycles, but they may also be named with -lactam or -lactim in place of -olide. For example. 

S olid Propellant Manual Publication M2, (classified), CPIA, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Md., 1969. 

B. D. Nahloosky and G. A. Zimmerman, Thermoplastic Elastomers for S olid Propellant Binders, AERPL-TR-86-069, Aerojet Tactical Systems Co., Sacramento, Calif., Dec. 1986. 

R. A. McKay,M Study of Selected Parameters in S olid Propellant Processing,]et Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, Calif., Aug. 1986 J. L. Brown and co-workers. Manufacturing Technologyfor SolidPropellantIngredients/Preparation Reclamation, Morton Thiokol, Inc., Brigham City, Utah, Apt. 1985 W. P. Sampson, Eow Cost Continuous Processing of Solid Rocket Propellant, Al-TR-90-008, Astronautics Laboiatoiy/TSTR, Edwards AEB, Oct. 1990. 

S olid Propellant ProcessingFactors in Rocket Motor Design, Space Vehicle Design Ciiteiia Monograph, SP-8075, NASA, Airport, Md., 1971. 

L. W. Poultei and co-workeis, S olid Propellant Ingredient Reclamation, CPIA Pubhcation 556, CPIA, Johns Hopkins Urdveisity, Lauiel, Md., Oct. 1990, p. 107. 

A. Rushton, M. Hosseini, and I. Hasan, Proceedings of the Symposium on S olid—Fiquid S eparation Practice, Yorks Branch of IIChemE, Leeds, UK, Mar. 

D. B. Purchas, S olid j Fiquid S eparation Technology, Uplands Press, Croydon, UK, 1981. 

A. A. Avidan, Bed Expansion and S olids Mining in Eligh-Velocity Fluidi dBeds, Ph.D. dissertation. City University of New York, 1980. 

Olid cross- (Al) of PVC of common flat wire of PVC o.d. net u /. resistance a.c. resi- reactance capacitance circuit ... 

A very important parr of the gas-deatimg process is the removal of the collected particles from the cleaning system. This should be as controlled as possible in order to avoid particle reenrrainmenr to the gas flow. This can be accomplished in the case of liquid particles such as acid fume or tar or oil smoke. olid particles are normally removed by periodic rapping of discharge and collection electrodes. Solid particles can also be removed with the aid of water, as is done in wet electrostatic precipitators. 

Olid carbon is asymmetric. The various acylglycerols are normally soluble in benzene, chloroform, ether, and hot ethanol. Although triacylglycerols are insoluble in water, mono- and diacylglycerols readily form organized structures in water (discussed later), owing to the polarity of their free hydroxyl groups. 

Dagegen wird Butandisaure-dichlorid durch Tributyl-zinnhydrid selektiv zu 4-Chlor-butan-4-olid (80°/ o d.Th.) reduziert9 ... 

Analog erhalt man aus 2-Athyl-hexen-(3)-3-olid 3-Oxo-2-alhyl-hexanol (55% d.Th. KP) 70-76°) . 

Gelegentlich wird auch Lithiumboranat als Reduktionsmittel eingesetzt. 4-Oxo-4-phe-nyl-butansaure liefert z.B. in Tetrahydrofuran 4-Phenyl-butan-4-olid (78% d.Th.)9. 

Mit Triathylsilan in Trifluoressigsaure erhalt man zumeist Carbonsauren, in gewissen Fallen die entsprechenden Lactone (s.a.S. 279f.). So wird z.B. aus 4-Oxo-4-phenyl-bu-tansaure in 73%iger Ausbeute 4-Phenyl-butan-4-olid erhalten4 ... 

Mit 2,2 Mol-Aquvalenten Triathyl-silan entstehen dagegen 86% d.Th. 4-Phenyl-bu-tan-4-olid neben 14% d.Th. 4-Phenyl-butansdure (dieses Verhaltnis der Produkte andert sich auch bei einem groBeren Reduktionsmittel-OberschuB nicht4). 

Bei der entsprechenden Reduktion von 2,2-Dichlor-pentan-4-olid entsteht in 50%iger Ausbeute trans-2ix-Chlor-pentan-4-olid ... 

Arylsaure-methylester kann elektrochemisch mit Acetaldehyd zum Pentan-4-olid ge-kuppelt werden (Ausbcutc 100% d.Th.)4 ... 

Oxo-aldehyde konnen nur in Einzelfallen selektiv an der Formyl-Gruppe reduziert werden. Beispiel hierfiir ist die Reduktion von 14/3-Hydroxy-3,19-dioxo-cardadien-(4,2022)-olid mit Penicillium thomii zu 14(i,19-Dihydroxy-3-oxo-cardadien-(4,2022)-olid (55% d.Th.)5 die an sich reaktive 3-Oxo-Gruppe (s.S. 748) ist durch Konjugation mit der C4=Cs-DoppeIbindung desaktiviert (s.a. S.742) ... 

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