Oleochemical solvents

The hydrogenation of the oleochemicals can proceed in the same apparatus in which the catalyst is formed. The fatty compound is added to the catalyst solution, thus yielding a biphasic system of two immiscible liquids. After the necessary quantity of hydrogen has been introduced, an intensive stirrer mixes the two liquid phases and the gas phase. On the laboratory scale, typical hydrogenations were carried out at room temperature and at ambient pressure allowing a reaction time of about 30 min. After the reaction the two phases are separated and the solvent/ water phase is recycled with the colloid catalyst to the reactor. 

Tab. 2 Selective hydrogenation of different oleochemicals with palladium SSCs (T = 25 °C, p = 1 bar H2 solvent propene carbonate).

A first patent for the technical implementation of ozonolysis of OA was claimed by Rieche [21]. According to a BASF patent filed in 1941, AA (97%) and PA (95%) are accessible by treatment of the ozonide with alkaline lye and Ag20 [22]. However, the technical manufacturing of AA succeeded first by Emery Industries in the year 1953 [23]. Their successor Emery Oleochemicals is still the worlds largest producer of AA by ozonolysis of OA with a production volume of about lOOOOt/year [9, 24]. The achievable yield of AA is 70-80% [24], based on the amount of applied OA. AA yields of more than 90% were obtained in a pilot plant [25]. The reaction is carried out in PA/water (70/30v/v) as solvent. The admixture of water reduces the formation of side products by removal of the heat of reaction via evaporative heat loss, and in addition, undesired reactive radicals are quenched by reaction with water [25, 26]. 

Unsaturated fatty compounds such as oleic acid [la], 10-undecenoic acid [2a], pet-roselinic acid [3a], erucic acid [4a], and the respective esters, alcohols, and native oils (Fig. 1) are alkenes and contain an electron-rich double bond that can be functionalized in many different ways by reactions with electrophilic reagents. It is therefore remarkable that >90% of oleochemical reactions have been focused on the carboxylic acid functionality and < 10% have been reactions of the alkyl chain and the C,C-dou-ble bond (1). A review on radical additions to unsaturated fatty compounds that appeared in 1989 (2) quoted only very few C,C-bond-forming reactions giving branched and chain-elongated fatty compounds. Since then, modem preparative radical chemistry has been developing and has been applied also to fat chemistry (3-5). We report here on radical additions of activated haloalkanes such as alkyl 2-haloalka-noates and 2-haloalkanenitriles to unsaturated fatty compounds [l]-[4] initiated by electron transfer from copper in solvent-free systems. These additions were also car-... 

Uses Lubricant, coupling agent for metalworking intermediate for EP additives, surfactants, oleochem. derivs. wetting agent in agric. adjuvants base fluid in environmentally friendly soivs. and cleaners earner, solvent for pesticides, inks, leather treatment food coatings food pkg. adhesives... 

Empirical C17H34O2 Formula CH3CH2COOCH2(CH2)i2CH3 Uses Emollient, penetrant, and spreading agent in cosmetics, antiperspirants, pharmaceuticals, creams, lotions perfume solvent in personal care prods. humectant Manuf./Distrib. A E Connock http //www. connock. co. uk Trade Name Synonyms Crodamol MP [Croda Oleochems.] Lonzest 143-S [Lonza http //www.lonza.com]] Schercemol MP [Scher http //www.scherchem.com] Chesham Chems. Ltd http //WWW. cheshamchemicals. co. uk] Myristyl stearate... 

Uses Surfactant, emulsifier, solubilizer for cosmetics, fragrances, perfumes emulsifier, solvent, wetting agent for topical pharmaceuticals o/w emulsifier, surfactant for creams, lotions, ointments, pesticides, polishes, cleaners, textiles Manuf./Distrib. ASiE Connock http //www. connock. co. uk Trade Name Synonyms Crillet 6 [Croda Inc http //www.croda.com, Croda Oleochems.] Isoixol 6 [Vevy http //www.vevy.com], Montanox 70 [Seppic... 

Surmnary The hydrosilylation of unsaturated fatty add esters with different hydrosilanes was carried out under mild conditions using hexachloroplatinic acid as homogeneous catalyst. The catalyst was recycled using biphasic liquid-liquid solvent systems. The consecutive chemistry of the oleochemical silicon compounds was... 

The demand for inexpensive and renewable energy and chemical products will further spur the oleochemical industry. The metathesis of oleates offers new synthetic routes to valuable raw materials and feed stocks with high chemoselectivity. The reaction is catalytic and could be performed at ambient conditions. Moreover, solvents could be substituted with "green" ionic liquids that will further enhance the growth of production. 

S. is a colorless waxlike material, soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents. S. derives from ->tallow (main source) and many other animal and vegetable ->fats and oils. S. is a by-product of many oleochemical operations, e.g., refining of vegetable oils for nutritional purposes and of fats and greases for technical applications. 

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