Oil immersion objectives

Figure 7.3 shows the two-beam photon-force measurement system using a coaxial illumination photon force measurement system. Two microparticles dispersed in a liquid are optically trapped by two focused near-infrared beams ( 1 pm spot size) of a CW Nd YAG laser under an optical microscope (1064 nm, 1.2 MWcm , lOOX oil-immersion objective, NA = 1.4). The particles are positioned sufficiently far from the surface of a glass slide in order to neglect the interaction between the particles and the substrate. Green and red beams from a green LD laser (532 nm, 21 kWcm ) and a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm, 21 kW cm ) are introduced coaxially into the microscope and slightly focused onto each microparticle as an illumination light (the irradiated area was about 3 pm in diameter). The sizes of the illumination areas for the green and red beams are almost the same as the diameter of the microparticles (see Figure 7.4). The back scattered light from the surface of each microparticle is...

Permanently stained slides may be mounted with a cover slip or may be air dried and examined after oil is added. Slides should be examined at a magnification of x400 to X500 or greater after they are scanned under lower power to find optimal areas. A x50 oil immersion objective is particularly helpful, as it allows the easy use... 

The conidia are one-celled in most species and accumulate in balls at the apices of the annellides. With careful study utilizing the oil immersion objective, annellations (rings) usually can be seen at the apices of the annellides. 

In the papers referenced above it has been shown that depth resolutions around 2-3 pm collected with a 100 x microscope objective are possible. However, the depth resolution will degrade as one probes deeper into the sample this is a consequence of refraction caused by refractive index changes at the sample surface and boundaries within the sample. The greater the depth probed, the greater the dof becomes if an air objective is used the situation can be improved and aberrations minimised if an oil immersion objective is used [16,17],... 

Make slides permanent and suitable for viewing with an oil immersion objective by adding Permount and a cover slip. 

Figure 10.10 shows the experimental system of TE-CARS microscopy (Ichimura et al. 2004a). As similar to the TERS system (Hayazawa et al. 2000), the system mainly consists of an excitation laser, an inverted microscope, an AFM using a silver-coated probe, and a monochromator. Two mode-locked Ti sapphire lasers (pulse duration 5 picoseconds [ps] spectral band width 4 cm- repetition rate 80 MHz) are used for the excitation of CARS. The (o and (O2 beams are collinearly combined in time and space, and introduced into the microscope with an oil-immersion objective lens (NA = 1.4) focused onto the sample surface. As the z-polarized component of the... 

P 6] A -50 pi droplet with 2 pm latex spheres suspended in water was spread over both electrodes on to the chip. The mixing was followed by a microscope with an oil immersion objective [95], Evaporation of the droplet solution has to be minimized, as this notably affects the electrorotation. 

Figure 11. The subdivision of the total scan area (TSA). The numerical values used in this drawing are based on a 100x oil immersion objective lens. There is some overlapped area between adjacent fields.

Additional samples from some of the objects were studied by the Nomarksi differential interference contrast technique with a Zeiss photomicroscope II with oil immersion objectives. 

Kohler illumination should be used [11] to give uniform illumination of the viewing plane. Using an oil immersion objective, it is possible to resolve down to about 1 pm, although a 15% oversizing is to be expected at this level due to diffraction effects. 

When the oil immersion objective is to be used, a small drop of... 

The filter obtained was the mounted on a microscope slide by the acetone vapour-triacetine technique [11] and then analyzed by a Leitz Ortholux phase contrast microscope equipped with an oil immersion objective 100 X (N.A. 1.25) at 1250 X magnification. 

Capture the image using lOOx-oil-immersion objective lens. 

The images are obtained with a 63x oil immersion objective. Appropriate control slides are used to set the levels of detection of dyes. 

Usually, oil-immersion objectives with a numerical aperture higher than 1 are used to obtain a high spatial resolution. The size of the focal spot containing 84% of the light energy is given by Eq. (79). For X = 0.8 pm and a numerical aperture of 1.3 the size of the focal spot is 0.75 pm. 

Figure 2 Basic experimental setup for laser tweezers A dichroic mirror is used to direct the beam into the objective. The particles to be trapped are suspended in a solution, between a glass microscope slide and a coverslip. An oil-immersion objective is used for low distortion and tight focussing of the beam. The laser beam is expanded to fill the objective in order to produce the smallest spot and largest intensity gradient to ensure optimal trapping.

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