Off-target

Modern equipment is frequently eomposed of thousands of eomponents, all of whieh interaet within various toleranees. Failures often arise from a eombination of drift eonditions rather than the failure of a speeifie eomponent (Smith, 1993). For example, typieally an assembly toleranee exists only to limit the degradation of the assembly performanee. Being off target may involve later warranty eosts beeause the produet is more likely to break down than one whieh has a performanee eloser to the target value (Vasseur et al., 1992). This again is related to manufaeturing variation problems, and is more diffieult to prediet, and therefore less likely to be foreseen by the designer (Smith, 1993). 

Compound optimization, to screen a series of therapeutic diug candidates to find the compounds that are most specific for the target protein and those that cause unintended effects, i.e. improved understanding of the molecular mode of action including structure-activity relationships for on-target versus off-target effects... 

Eedorov Y, Anderson EM, Birmingham A, Reynolds A, KarpUow J, Robinson K, Leake D, Marshall WS, Khvorova A (2006) Off-target effects by siRNA can induce toxic phenotype. RNA 12 1188-1196... 

Jackson AL, Bartz SR, Schelter J, Kobayashi SV, Burchard J, Mao M, Li B, Cavet G, Linsley PS (2003) Expression profihng reveals off-target gene regulation by RNAi. Nat Biotechnol 21 635-637... 

Localized, or field-scale, studies generally assess pesticides drifting off-target during application or from post-application volatilization over short sampling intervals. The... 

Spray drift is defined for this topic by the National Coalition On Drift Minimization (NCODM) as The physical movement of pesticide through the air at the time of pesticide application or soon thereafter from the target site to any non- or off-target site . Secondary drift, defined by NCDOM as vapor drift or subsequent dust and particle movement after the application , is only partially addressed, although most key principles discussed will still also apply to such secondary movements. 

Spray drift studies may be conducted to quantify off-target deposition or drift or to determine spray coverage and distributions within a particular application area. A quality study involves four key elements ... 

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