Of alga

Purification of drinking water by adding CI2 to kill bacteria is a source of electrophilic chlorine and contributes a nonenzymatic pathway for a chlorina tion and subsequent chloroform formation Al though some of the odor associated with tap water may be due to chloroform more of it probably results from chlorination of algae produced organic com pounds... 

Acrolein at a concentration of <500 ppm is also used to protect Hquid fuels against microorganisms. The dialkyl acetals of acrolein are also useful in this apphcation. In addition, the growth of algae, aquatic weeds, and moUusks in recirculating process water systems is also controlled by acrolein. 

Currendy, acrolein is used to control the growth of algae in oil fields and has also been used as an H2S scavenger (96). The abiUty to use acrolein safely in these direct appHcations is a prime concern and is a deterrent to more widespread use. 

Yields of algae grown in outdoor pond cultures (Table 1) are on the order of 15-40 g/(m -d) (24 short tons pet acre pet year). Higher yields can be obtained under artificial illumination, but growth of algae under these conditions is not economically feasible. 

In general, many species of algae have cell walls resistant to digestive enzymes, dark colors, and bitter flavor. AH of these characteristics must be altered to make an acceptable food or feed product. 

R. Retovsky, Continuous Cultivation of Algae, Theoretical and Methodological Bases of Continuous Culture of Microorganisms, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1966. 

Granular) control of algae and bacteria in ponds—5—10 mg/L residual chlorine for 12—24 h ... 

Dried algae meal—A dried mixture of algae cells (genus Spongiococcum separated from its culture broth), molasses, comsteep Hquor, and a maximum of 0.3% ethoxyquia. The algae cells are produced by suitable fermentation, under controlled conditions, from a pure culture of the genus Spongiococcum. 

Public concern about the abundance of algae, and of the toxic cyanobacteria in particular, was raised by events in the UK in the summer of 1989 which involved the deaths of dogs and sheep at Rutland Water, Leicestershire, and the acute... 

Intuition dictates that reducing nutrient inputs, particularly phosphorus, must reduce the supportable biomass. Relationships show that sustained response cannot be effected before it can be demonstrated (i) that nutrient is exhausted at a lower concentration of algae than the existing maxima and (ii) that in situ recycling is unable to make up the shortfall. 

In cyanobacteria and the eukaryotic photosynthetic cells of algae and higher plants, HgA is HgO, as implied earlier, and 2 A is O,. The accumulation of O, to constitute 20% of the earth s atmosphere is the direct result of eons of global oxygenic photosynthesis. 

Nutrients—Nitrates, ammonia, oils, glycols, alcohols, sugars, and phosphates can promote growth of algae and slime. This growth can cause tower problems, particularly with film fill. 

The water supply authorities normally insist that (for uses other than drinking-water taps) their main should discharge into a break-pressure vessel, after which the water quality becomes the consumers responsibility. The water tank should be covered against tramp dirt and access by birds, etc., and it must be shielded from sunlight to avoid the growth of algae. Nevertheless, access must be maintained for easy inspection. The distribution pipework is preferably all plastic and lead must be avoided altogether. The use of copper is doubtful with some corrosive waters, and soldered joints in it can lead to unacceptable concentrations of lead in the water. 

Microbiological forms, including various types of algae and slimeforming bacteria. 

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