Oestrogen receptor genes

Understanding of ER structure and function has been greatly extended by the recent cloning and structural manipulation of ER cDNAs from a number of species including human [15-17,21,22,31]. chicken [17,18], rat [32], Xenopus [33] and mouse [34], 

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Ponglikitmongkol M, Green S, Chambon P (1988) Genomic organization of the human oestrogen receptor gene. EMBO J 7 3385... 

Gosden JR, Middleton PG. Rout D Localization of the human oestrogen receptor gene to chromosome 6q24-Q27 by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1986 43(3-4) 218-220. 

More subtle modes of action are also possible since the response to hormone receptor binding is complex and could be affected by chemical interference with receptor-related proteins, DNA methylation or histone acetylation. Dioxin (TCDD), for example, reduces the ability of the oestrogen-receptor complex to bind to the oestrogen response element of DNA, reducing gene transcription. ... 

Oestrogen receptor binding/Reporter gene assay. 

PATISAUL H B, DiNDO M, WHITTEN p L, YOUNG L J (2001) Soy isoflavone Supplements antagonize reproductive behavior and oestrogen receptor alpha- and beta-dependent gene expression in the brain. Endocrinol. 142 2946-52. 

Hawkins MB, Godwin J, Crews D, Thomas P. 2005. The distributions of the duplicate oestrogen receptors ER-beta a and ER-beta b in the forebrain of the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) Evidence for subfunctionalization after gene duplication. Proc Biol Sci 272 633-641. 

BURDGE G C, COLDHAM N G, DAVE H, SAUER M J and BLEACH E C L, Determination of oestrogen concentrations in bovine plasma by a recombinant oestrogen receptor-reporter gene yeast bioassay , Analyst, 1998 123 2585-8. 

The cDNAs for the glucocorticoid and the oestrogen receptors were isolated more than 15 years ago. They were among the first genes, coding for transcriptional gene activators, to be identified. The family of nuclear receptors is the largest family of transcription factors. Until now, more than 150 different members of the superfamily of nuclear receptors, from worms to insects to humans, have been described. The discovery of an insect receptor for a steroid hormone, ecdysone, indicated that this kind of receptor must have evolved prior to the separation of vertebrates and invertebrates. 

Ongphiphadhanakul B, Chanprasertyothin S, Payatikul P, et al. Oestrogen-receptor-alpha gene polymorphism affects response in bone mineral density to oestrogen in post-menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000 52 581-585. 

Intracellular steroid receptors, which alter gene expression, exist for corticosteroids, oestrogens and progesterone in the brain, as in the periphery but they cannot account for the relatively rapid depression of CNS function induced by some steroids. This was explained when Harrison and Simmonds (1984) discovered that alphaxalone (the steroid anaesthetic) potentiated the duration of GABA-induced currents at the GABAa receptor in slices of rat cuneate nucleus just like the barbiturates (Fig. 13.6). Of the... 

Fig. 4. Specificity determined by availability of receptor binding regions of DNA. With an oestrogen (E) sensitive gene, the receptor complex binds to specific regions of DNA (steroid response element) which influences the efficiency of mRNA initiation. If the response element is blocked, the gene is unresponsive to the steroid.

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