Odors petroleum refining

Spent caustic solutions from petroleum refining. Petrochemical refineries use caustics to remove acidic compounds such as mercaptans from liquid petroleum streams to reduce produced odor and corrosivity as well as to meet product sulfur specifications. Spent liquid treating caustics from petroleum refineries are excluded from the definition of solid waste if they are used as a feedstock in the manufacture of napthenic and cresylic acid products. U.S. EPA believes that spent caustic, when used in this manner, is a valuable commercial feedstock in the production of these particular products, and is therefore eligible for exclusion. 

Knowlton, H.E. Control refinery odors and effluent quality to meet environmental regulations. Proceedings, National Petroleum Refiners Association Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, March 24-26, 1985. 

Ammonia (NH3) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that has many uses in industry. It is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. It also is used in the manufacture of nitric acid, synthetic urea, soda, synthetic fibers, plastics, and dyes. Ammonia also has extensive applications in the petroleum refining and pharmaceutical industries. Some occupations... 

Use and exposure Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. It is a natural constituent of crude oil and is produced from petroleum refining and coke-oven operations. It is used in household aerosols, nail polish, paints and paint thinners, lacquers, rust inhibitors, adhesives, and solvent-based cleaning agents. Toluene is also used in printing operations, leather tanning, and chemical processes. Benzene and other PAHs are common... 

Toluene is a clear, flammable liquid with a sweet odor that is widely used in both the chemical and the pharmaceutical industries. In terms of production, it is the 24th highest volume chemical in the United States. It is derived mainly from petroleum refining and only a small percentage of that produced is used directly. 

Properties Colorless liquid aromatic odor. Vapor heavier than air, bp 136.187C, refr index 1.49594 (20C), d 0.867 (20C), fp -95C, bulk d 7.21 lb/gal (25C), flash p 59F (15C), autoign temp 810F (432C), specific heat 0.41 cal/gal/K, viscosity 0.64 cP (25C). Soluble in alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and ether almost insoluble in water. Derivation (1) By heating benzene and ethylene in the presence of aluminum chloride, with subsequent distillation (2) by fractionation directly from the mixed xylene stream in petroleum refining. Grade Technical, pure, research. 

Physical Form. JP-4 is a colorless to straw-colored liquid with the odor of gasoline and/or kerosene. JP-7 is a liquid, usually colorless and with the odor of kerosene. JP-4 can be made by refining either crude petroleum oil or shale oil. It is called a wide cut fuel because it is produced from a broad distillation temperature range and contains a wide array of carbon chain lengths, from 4- to 16. It consists of approximately 13% (v/v) aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.0% olefins, and 86% saturated hydrocarbons. JP-7 is made by refining kerosene, a product of refined crude petroleum. It was developed for use in advanced supersonic jets because of its thermal stability and high flash point. ... 

Refining treatment includes among its objects the removal of such undesirable products as hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan sulfur, and free or corrosive sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans cause objectionable odors, and both are corrosive. The presence of such compounds can be determined by the Doctor test (ASTM D-484, ASTM D-4952, IP 30). The Doctor test (which is pertinent for petroleum product specifications ASTM D-235) ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use. In the test, the sample is shaken with sodium plumbite solution, a small quantity of sulfur is added, and the mixture is shaken again. The presence of mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide, or both is indicated by discoloration of the sulfur floating at the oil-water interface or by discoloration of either of the phases. 

Definition General term for commercial propane, butane, or mixtures can be liquefied at normal temp, by mod. pressure increase, or at normal pressure by cooling occurs naturally in oil or gas fields or obtained from refining petroleum Properties Colorless odorless (normally odorized for leak detection) vapor pressure 593 kPa (20 C) Toxicoiogy Nontoxic but can cause asphyxiation Precaution Flamm. LFL 2.1 vol.%, UFL 9.2 vol.% (15 C, 101 kPa in air) volatile heavier than air... 

Ethylene is a gas with a sweet odor. It is obtained from the refining of petroleum and is an important raw material in the chemical industry. For example, when ethylene molecules are linked they make polyethylene (see Section 25.1), which is commonly used to make soda bottles and milk jugs. Plants also produce small amounts of ethylene. Fruit suppliers have found that exposure of fruit to ethylene speeds ripening. 

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