Odor tests

Snakes were tested in a 1-L glass cylinder (the same used by Halpern et al. 1997). At the start of every test session, the snake was placed in the testing apparatus for 5 minutes to acclimate. The snake was videotaped for 1 minute before, 1 minute during, and 1 minute after odorant was delivered, with three-minute intervals between subjects and thirty minutes between odorants. The odors tested were distilled water, amyl acetate, lemon extract, earthworm extract, fish water, and live earthworms. The order of odorants delivered was not randomized. 

This strategy was utilized in the 1970s to isolate olfactory cilia (64). Later the technique was utilized to j pare olfactory cilia from frog, where it was demonstrated that GTP was required for stimulation of adenylate cyclase by odorants. Four chemicals, citral, L-carvone, 1,8-cineole and amyl acetate, were used either individually or in a mixture, and adenylate cyclase was measured (65). Maximal stimulation by the mixture of 4 odorants was 2.3-fold above the GTP-stimulated value. In further studies a total of 65 odorants were tested individually with frog and rat cilia (66). These results indicated that only about a third of the odorants tested stimulated adenylate cyclase by meaningful amounts, with 6 stimulating by 45-65%. 

Nowadays the electronic appliances used for entertainment, telecommunications and data processing are widespread in daily life. Typical examples include televisions, video recorders, hi-fi systems and fax machines, not to mention computers with their peripherals such as monitors and printers, scanners and copiers. These devices are predominantly made of polymeric components and materials which might contain additives, such as flame retardants and plasticizers (Wensing, Uhde and Salthammer, 2005) to obtain specific desired properties. In addition, there will also be chemical residues from production and processing aids, such as residual monomers and solvents. Especially under operating conditions these compounds can be released from electronic equipment into indoor air due to the heating-up of the device interior. In many cases, such emissions can be monitored via simple odor tests (Walpot, 1996). 

To test their ability to discriminate individuals, male and female salamanders (in the US several species of the genus Plethodon) are given a choice of odors in a Y-maze. The odors tested can be male vs. female mate vs. strange individual of opposite sex individuals from different populations or closely related species (Dawley 1985). 

Figure 32.6. Four Series of Odorants Tested for Olfactory Receptor Activation.

Figure 32.6 Four series of odorants tested for olfactory-receptor activation.

Avoid smelling the liquids up close. The odor test should be done last and only if the liquid has not been identified with certainty. 

Odor, teste bodies/drinking H20 Activated carbon... 

Experience has shown that the relative power of carbon in the removal of odor runs parallel to the Iodine Relative Efficiency—the I-RE. Therefore the iodine test will provide data on which to select a carbon for the removal of taste and odor, and it usually involves less uncertainty than an extended series of tests for odor. For those that hesitate to go the whole way, the l-RE can be used as a screen to select a smaller number of carbons for a direct odor test. 

For a systematic evaluation of flammability and odor tests, the scheme described by G.H. Domsch [Kunststoffe 61 (1971), p. 669) is recommended (see Figure 3.3). 

Two modifications of two-choice odor tests were used. Animals were tested in their home cages by introducing two plastic Petri dishes (35 mm in diameter) with a circular opening in the lids. Two cellophane squares with applications of urine of strange con- and heterospecific individuals were placed in the dishes. The dishes were covered from above with mesh that prevented direct contact of mice with the source of odor and were placed on a plastic dish (12 cm in diameter), turned bottom up, which was placed in one end of the cage. 

If testosterone is an important determinant of the attractiveness and potential quality of male mates, then females are expected to prefer the odors of intact males (i.e., sham-operated) over the odors of castrated males. Odor tests conducted using young (120—150 d of... 

Individual Discrimination. Discrimination between odors of individual males was assessed using a habituation-discrimination paradigm in which females were first exposed to male flank gland scent or urine, two odors with multiple behavioral functions (Johnston, 1990), on four consecutive 3-min trials separated by 15-min intervals (Johnston et al., 1993 Johnston, 1993). On the fifth (test) trial the animal was exposed to a novel male s odor as well as the now-familiar male s odor. These odors were presented on glass plates (7.7 x 17.8 cm) that were placed on the floor of the female s home cage and removed after each trial. One half of the plate contained one male s urine (100 pi of thawed urine) or flank scent (rubbed directly on plate) and the other side was left clean (trials 1-4) or contained the other male s odor (test trial). The amount of time the female spent investigating both sides of the plate was recorded with stopwatches. 

The odor test solution is prepared in a second jar by placing 0.4 ml of the stock solution into 500 ml of odor-free waterusing a clean dropper or pipette. The solution shall be shaken for 30 seconds and allowed to stand for two to three minutes so that the lAA concentration above the liquid may reach equilibrium. This solution shall be used for only one day. 

The odor test and test blank jar lids shall be labeled (e.g., 1 and 2) for jar identification. Labels shall be placed on the lids so that they can be periodically peeled off and switched to maintain the integrity of the test. 

If the test subject correctly identifies the jar containing the odor test solution, the test subject may proceed to respirator selection and fit testing. 

Odor testing may be performed by a selected group of panelist to either determine the effect of various additives on the odor or taste of a medium or to determine the odor or taste sensitivity of a particular group of people. For this purpose, a series of samples is prepared in concentration scale which increases in geometric increments. At each concentration step two samples containing the medium alone are given to a panelist. The panehst should determine which sample is different firom the other two samples. The panelist should begin wifli the lowest concentration selected to be two or three concentration steps below estimated threshold. The method description contains information on sample selection and preparation, result, and precision determination. 

Criteria Odor test O no smell, smell, x strong smell. Coloring test O uncolored, slightly colored, x strongly colored. 

Ingeo Fibres bring natural performance - low odor. Testing by Odor Science and Engineering Inc., Technical Bulletin 290904. 

PS-3 CGA Position Statement on Odor Testing for Cylinder Contaminants. Describes CGA s position on the question of whether compressed gas cylinders should be odor (sniff) tested prior to filling. (2... 

Relative capture success of clean and predator contaminated traps can be an indicator of avoidance. Stoddart (1976) assessed the effects of weasel odors on trap success in a mixed community of rodents. Two traps were placed at 10-m intervals on a 6 x 6 grid. Paired traps were placed as close as possible to each other and a pretreatment period indicated either trap was as likely as the other to capture a rodent. One trap in each pair then was randomly selected to be treated with weasel and gland secretion during the treatment period. Robinson (1990) found that trapping patterns made little difference in small mammal response to mink odors. Tests results were similar regardless of whether the traps were placed in pairs immediately adjacent to each other or in rows at 10-m intervals. Tobin et al. (1995) compared the capture rate of rats in traps known to have previously captured a mongoose to that of clean traps. 

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