Subspecies, recognition

For mammals, if not vertebrates in general, multicomponent pheromones appear to be the rule. Such mixtures can comprise compounds of a wide range of volatility. They have been variously termed odor profile, pattern, odor image (Albone, 1984), gestalt (Evans ct al., 1978), or mosaic (Johnston, 2005). One of the best-investigated odor profiles is that of the scent mark of the saddle-back tamarin, S. fuscicoUis, (Smith et al, 1985). Here, not even the 16 butyrate esters are sufficient for subspecies recognition. Additional volatiles are also required. 

C. (1990). Individual, geographical and experimental variation of cuticular hydrocarbons of the ant Cataglyphis cursor (Hymenoptera Formicidae) Their use in nest and subspecies recognition. Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 18, 63-73. 

In this example, we examine differences in the floral aroma chemistry of three species of Cypripedium as determined by Bergstrom et al. (1992). Before the recognition of the North American species (C. parviflorum with two or three varieties), C. calceolus L. was thought to consist of three entities, whether varieties or subspecies is not relevant, the European calceolus, and two North American entities, parviflorum and pubescens. ... 

Karasinski, J. Andreescu, S. Sadik, O. A. Lavine, B. Vora, M. N., Multiarray sensors with pattern recognition for the detection, classification, and differentiation of bacteria at subspecies and strain levels, Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 7941-7949... 

In a recent study we have used computerized pattern recognition techniques to analyze data on the relative concentrations of squalene and most of the butyrates in a large number of scent marks from males and females of both subspecies and their hybrids. The results demonstrate that information derived solely from the butyrate-squalene concentration profiles of the marks can categorize the donors as members of one of the two subspecies and, regardless of subspecies, as males or females (Smith et al., 1985). 

Chemical discrimination between species, subspecies, groups, and individuals was observed in reindeer (254, 255), guinea pig (256), rabbits (257), lizards (258), lemurs (259, 260), fishes (261, 262), chimpanzees (269) and marmosets (270). However, the recognition of sex in conspecifics by individual red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii is a matter of discussion (263-268a). 

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