Octyl chloride, reduction

Figure 1 Rates of reduction of k-octyl chloride (0.25 M) with representative complex metal hydrides (0.5 M) in THF at 25 °C (reproduced from ref. 98 by permission from S. Krishnamurthy and H. C. Brown)...

Isomerization is observed with higher alkyl halides, as in Friedel-Crafts reactions isopropylphosphonic dichloride is stated to be the sole product from n-propyl chloride,190,191 and terf-pentyl chloride undergoes C-C fission, yielding the tert-butyl acid.193 On reduction by lithium tetrahydroaluminate the phosphonic chloride formed from w-butyl chloride gives a primary phosphine that is shown by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance to consist of n- and sec-butylphosphine in the proportions 5 95 and the product from n-octyl chloride was similarly shown to contain all four position isomers.194... 

Docosanedioic acid has been prepared by Wolff-Kishner reduction of 6,17-diketodocosanedioic acid, formed by reaction of the half-ester acid chloride of adipic acid with the a,co-cadmium derivative of decane (%26 overall yield).3 Reduction of Wolff-Kishner method, followed by simultaneous reduction and desulfurization with Raney nickel of the 2,5-bis(co-carboxyoctyl)thiophene pro-... 

The occurrence of a radical intermediate is also indicated in the reduction of 2-octyl iodide by LiAlD4 since, in contrast to the chloride or bromide, extensive racemization accompanies reduction. 

Other one-phase preparations of bimetallic nanoparticles include NOct4(BHEt3) (Oct = octyl, Et = ethyl) reduction of platinum and ruthenium chlorides to give Pt/Ru(l/1) nanoparticles by Bonnemann et al. [102-104], sono-chemical reduction of gold and palladium ions to provide Au/Pd nanoparticles by Mizukoshi et al. [105,106], and NaBH4 reduction of PtCl - and PdCl - dendrimer complexes to give dendrimer-stabilized Pd/Pt nanoparticles by Crooks et al. [107]. 

A typical case is the growth of silver whiskers by cathodic reduction from concentrated silver nitrate solutions (0.3 M) containing certain organic additives such as oleic acid, gelatine, albumin, or n-heptyl, n-octyl, and -nonyl alcohols, or, from silver nitrate solutions aged for several weeks. Copper whiskers can be grown from solutions containing a variety of additives or hydroxylamine ions in the presence of chlorides. 

The new zirconium hydride-alkyls, CpaZr(H)R, have been obtained by reduction of corresponding chlorides. They eliminate RH (R=cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexyl, ethyl, octyl, or neopentyl) under hydrogenation in a reaction which has been demonstrated by labelling studies to involve initial co-ordination of dihydrogen (Scheme The starting chlorides react with CO rapidly at 0 °C... 

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