Octane solubility

In this context it is interesting to note the recent reports of fluorous catalysis without fluorous solvents [68]. The thermomorphic fluorous phosphines, P[(CH2)m(CF2)7CF3]3 (m=2 or 3) exhibit ca. 600-fold increase in n-octane solubility between -20 and 80 °C. They catalyze the addition of alcohols to methyl propiolate in a monophasic system at 65 °C and can be recovered by precipitation on cooling (Fig. 7.20) [68]. Similarly, perfluoroheptadecan-9-one catalyzed the epoxidation of olefins with hydrogen peroxide in e.g. ethyl acetate as solvent [69]. The catalyst could be recovered by cooling the reaction mixture, which resulted in its precipitation. 

C4C1im][Cg-S04] TPPD-Guanidine 1-Octene 862-892 (2.5-2.9) Halide-free ionic liquid monophasic system, with addition of cyclohexene biphasic high activity reflection of high octane solubility. [30]... 

Less polar or nonpolar intermediates of the BZ reaction, such as Br2 or Br02, are octane-soluble and diffuse in the oil phase as single molecules with diffusion coefficients on the order of 10 cm /s [449], Consequently, the radical Br02, which serves as a second activator, and Br2, which serves as a second inhibitor, diffuse much faster than the water-soluble BZ reactants. For low values of the volume fraction cj), the inhibitor Br2 is the dominant species in the oil phase. Since it diffuses ten to hundred times faster than the activator HBr02, confined to the slow-diffusing droplets, conditions should be favorable for the observation of Turing patterns. 

Unfractioned polymer Octane insoluble Octane soluble Heptane soluble Hexane soluble Cold hexane soluble... 

Cocatalyst Al( >CH2CH3)3 Y yield in grams of polymer/grams of catalyst hour I.I. isotacticity index=weight percent of heptane insoluble fraction I.P. isotactic productivitysgrams of isotactic polymer/greuns of Ti hour S-8 octane soluble fraction 1-8 octane insoluble fraction... 

The NMR data show that all the octane insoluble fractions have a higher stereoregularity of both propagation and initiation with respect to the octane soluble ones. 

All these data suggest that EB is present in the environment of the active titanium and its presence makes the isotactic sites able to produce more stereoregular polypropene, characterized by higher Mw and lower Rw/Rn value. Indeed only this assumption accounts for i) the fact that only in mild polymerization conditions (that is only when the base is maintained on the catalyst surface) the octane insoluble fraction is present ii) the fact that in the octane insoluble fraction so obtained, the e/t ratio is higher than in the octane soluble one. As to the catalyst containing DEHP as an internal base (run 5), the fact that a noticeable octane Insoluble fraction is already present at standard polymerization conditions can be in principle accounted for by two hypotheses 1) the dlesters can be less easily removed from the catalyst by AlEta, . ii) the removal of DEHP leaves active sites characterized by higher Isospecificity and/or higher stability with respect to the catalyst without any base. The fact that a small octane insoluble fraction is present even in the... 

S-8 octane soluble fraction 1-8 octane insoluble fraction [mm] molar fraction of isotactic triads by NMR e/t intensity ratio of resonances related to the isotactic (e) and syndiotactic (t) placement of the first propene unit see note 13... 

Analysis. The polydispersity and Hw of all the heptane insoluble/octane soluble and octane insoluble fractions were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in o-... 

It must be said that the e/t values of the octane insoluble fractions are evaluated with a higher error than those of the octane soluble ones and of the heptane insoluble fractions. 2 Indeed, due to the high molecular weight and to the high first step stereoregularity of these fractions, the smaller peak of the erithro resonance, in some cases, can be hardly detected. 

Di- and Triisobutylcncs. Diisobutylene [18923-87-0] and tnisobutylenes are prepared by heating the sulfuric acid extract of isobutylene from a separation process to about 90°C. A 90% yield containing 80% dimers and 20% trimers results. Use centers on the dimer, CgH, a mixture of 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-1 and -2. Most of the dimer-trimer mixture is added to the gasoline pool as an octane improver. The balance is used for alkylation of phenols to yield octylphenol, which in turn is ethoxylated or condensed with formaldehyde. The water-soluble ethoxylated phenols are used as surface-active agents in textiles, paints, caulks, and sealants (see Alkylphenols). 

Solvents influence rate as well as selectivity. The effect on rate can be very great, and a number of factors contribute to it. In closely related solvents, the rate may be directly proportional to the solubility of hydrogen in the solvent, as was shown to be the case for the hydrogenation of cyclohexene over platinum-on-alumina in cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and octane 48). Solvents can compete for catalyst sites with the reacting substrates, change viscosity and surface tension (108), and alter hydrogen availability at the catalyst surface. 

Table 5. Solubilities of cyclic oligomers of 6,8-dioxabicyclol3.2.1 J-octan-7-one at -40 °C46 ...

The substrate for the reaetion is triaeylglyeerol of polyunsaturated fatty acid, which is not soluble in water, but can be solubilized with high concentration in octane. The lipase converts its substrate at the interface between octane and the aqueous phase. The free fatty acid produced is poorly water soluble. 

The advantage of a two-phase lipoxygenation system lies in three points. They include avoidance of inhibition by the substrate as well as high solubility of the substrate in the organic phase and product recovery in the aqueous phase. Drouet et al. [36] improved the production yield of hydroperoxylinoleic acid at high concentrations of linoleic acid in highly stirred borate buffer-octane biphasic medium. 

Solubility Gasoline 20°C (mm Constant Soil Soil Weight Point Density Octane in Water Th reshold... 

The use of a water-soluble phosphine based catalyst is not a preferred choice for octene hydroformylation. Although separation of nonanal and its condensation products from an aqueous catalyst should be facile, forming nonanal at a commercially viable rate could be challenging. In order to react, octene needs to be in the same phase as the catalyst, and octane has very low solubility in water. 

Hawker, D. W. (1989) The relationship between octan-l-ol/water partition coefficient and aqueous solubility in terms of solvatochromic parameters. Chemosphere 19, 1586-1593. 

Reported aqueous solubilities of n-octane at various temperatures 1. 

FIGURE 2.1.1.1.23.1 Logarithm of mole fraction solubility (In x) versus reciprocal temperature for n-octane. 

Coates, M., Connell, D.W., Barron, D.M. (1985) Aqueous solubility and octan-l-ol to water partition coefficients of aliphatic... 

Sarraute, S., Delepine, H., Costa Gomes, M.F., Majer, V.(2004) Aqueous solubility, Henry s law constants and air/water partition coefficients of ra-octane and two halogenated octanes. Chemosphere 57, 1543-1551. 

Actual solubility measurement is for Octane, but not available in the NRTL-SAC database. 

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