Obstacles to Optimization

Potential for Resistance. Resistance appears to be the major potential obstacle to optimal use of many of the new fungicides. It is clear from the experiences with triazole resistance in powdery mildew... 

Most large firms have great difficulty pooling the total purchases across all business units and functions that wish to retain autonomous control over any buying that occurs. Silos of separation continue to be an obstacle to optimized results until a cultural barrier is crossed and movement into Level 3 is achieved. By focusing first on those purchases that do not affect... 

It is not surprising that multistep synthesis of challenging and complex target molecules is an engine for the discovery of new synthetic principles and novel methodology which may have very broad application. Just as each component of structural complexity can signal a strategy for synthesis, each obstacle to the realization of a chemical synthesis presents an opportunity for scientific discovery. 5.10 Optimization of a Synthetic Sequence... 

The use of simulation tools (e.g., computer programs) to calculate curing conditions is an area of great interest and is increasingly used to optimize cure for several processes including LCM [32,35] however, there are some obstacles to the use of this advanced route, such as the need of ... 

The application of the Simplex procedure for the optimization of the selectivity in programmed solvent LC (e.g. for the application of ternary gradients) has not yet been reported. However, there is no apparent obstacle to the applicability of the Simplex procedure for this purpose. 

The results in this section show that it may be possible to optimize organic electrolyte solutions for primary Ca batteries in which Ca dissolution occurs at low overpotential, yet the electrodes remain fully passivated at open circuit conditions. The major obstacle in developing attractive, primary Ca batteries is the... 

The objective of most protein crystallization experiments is to obtain a few large crystals. As outlined in Sections IV,C and VI, two of the major obstacles to controlled protein crystal growth are the extreme sensitivity of nucleation rate to supersaturation conditions and the necessity for higher supersaturations to promote nucleation than are needed for growth (Fig. 2). An inherent shortcoming of many crystallization methods is that they depend on similar conditions both to promote nucleation and to support growth. A frequent result is either no crystals or the formation of many small crystals. However, alternative approaches have been developed that attempt to individually optimize nucleation and growth conditions. 

Half of the homeless suffer from mental illness, and rely on community outreach, missions, and government-run clinics to provide service.A psychiatric pharmacist is uniquely qualified to manage the coordination of medication follow-up for these patients. Developmentally disabled individuals are often treated for a combination of neurologic and psychiatric problems and, therefore, have unique drug interaction considerations and communication obstacles. Psychiatric pharmacists currently serve as consultants and members of multidisciplinary treatment teams to optimize the care of these individuals. 

The BBB controls the exchange of nutrients, xenobiotics, and drugs between the brain and the systemic circulation. The BBB is a significant obstacle to achieving optimal concentrations of desirable therapeutics in the central nervous system, including agents for the treatment of stroke, cancer, Alzheimer s disease, and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection.22... 

Despite the attractive perspectives of membrane technology, many basic problems have still to be solved. Beyond the optimization of reaction conditions and catalysts, the chief obstacles to the scaling-up are membrane fragility, deterioration, high cost and manufacture complexity, which restrict, for the moment, this technique to an experimental level. 

As described above, the diarylethene synthesis should be carried out at low temperatures, such as —78 °C, in a macrobatch reactor to avoid any undesirable side reactions. However, the requirement of such low temperatures has been an obstacle to industrial-scale applications. For example, the reaction shown in Scheme 10.3 needs to be carried out at —70 °C and the optimized yield on an industrial scale is 55%. Carrying out the reaction at 0°C leads to the formation of a complex mixture. 

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