Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children

Denckla, M. (1989) Neurological examination. In Rapoport, J., ed. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press, pp. 107-115. 

Geller, D., Biederman, J., Faraone, S.V., Frazier, J., Coffey, B.J., Kim, G., and Bellordre, C.A. (2000) Clinical correlates of obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents referred to specialized and non-specialized clinical settings [In Process Citation]. Depress Anxiety 11 163-168. 

Geller, D.A., Biederman, J., Jones, J., Shapiro, S., Schwartz, S., and Park, K.S. (1998b) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents a review. Harv Rev Psychiatry 5 260-273. 

Riddle, M.A., Scahill, L., King, R., Hardin, M.T., Towbin, K.E., Ort, S.I., Leckman, J.F., and Cohen, D.J. (1990) Obsessive compulsive disorder in children and adolescents phenomenology and family history. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29 766-772. 

Swedo, S.E., Rapoport, J.L., Leonard, H., Lenane, M., and Cheslow, D. (1989a) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Clinical phenomenology of 70 consecutive cases. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46 335-341. 

Thomsen, P.H. (1995a) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. A 6—22 year follow-up study of social outcome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 4 112—122. 

Cummings, J.L. and Cunningham, K. (1992) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in Huntington s disease. Biol Psychiatry 31 263-270. Denckla, M.B. (1989) Neurological examination. In Rapoport, J.L., ed. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press, pp. 107-118. Douglass, H.M., Moffit, T.E., Dar, R., McGee, R., and Silva, P. (1995) Obsessive-compulsive disorder in a birth cohort of 18 year olds prevalence and predictors. / Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry 34 1424-1431. 

Hanna, G.L. (1995) Demographic and clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34 19-27. 

Geller, D.A., Hoog, S.L., Heiligenstein, J.H., Ricardi, R.K., Tamura, R., Kluszynski, S., Jacobsen, J.G., and Team TFPOS (2001c) Fluoxetine tteatment fot obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents a placebo-controlled clinical trial. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40 773-779. 

Sertraline is manufactured by Pfizer under the name Zoloft, in three dosages 25,50, and 100 mg. Zoloft is prescribed for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Sertraline is also used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder in children. 

Although several antidepressants are EDA-approved for use in children, only one, fluoxetine, is currently approved for childhood depression. Imipramine is approved for the treatment of enuresis, clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children 12 years and older, and fluvoxamine along with fluoxetine is approved for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children. The treatment of depression in children remains challenging, as depression can be difficult to diagnose and treat once identified. The studies involving imipramine, sertraline, and fluoxetine found that the dose range and titration as well as adverse effects were similar to those in adults. " ... 

Beers, S.R., Rosenberg, D.R., Dick, E.L., Williams, T., O Hearn, K.M., Birmaher, B., and Ryan, C.M. (1999) Neuropsychological study of frontal lobe function in psychotropic-naive children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1S6-J77-779. 

Lenane, M.C., Swedo, S.E., Leonard, H.L., Pauls, D.L., Sceery, W, and Rapoport, J.L. (1990) Psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives of children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29 407-412. 

The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) have been used in adults for a wide variety of disorders, including major depression, social anxiety (social phobia), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), eating disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), trichotillomania, and migraine headaches. Some of the specific SSRI agents have an approved indication in adults for some of these disorders, as reviewed later in this chapter. The SSRIs have also been tried in children and in adults for symptomatic treatment of pain syndromes, aggressive or irritable ( short fuse ) behavior, and for self-injurious and repetitive behaviors. This chapter will review general aspects of the SSRIs and discuss their approved indications in children and adolescents. 

B., Riesenberg, R., Rosenthal, M., Sallee, F.R., Wagner, K.D., and Steiner, H. (1998) Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder a multicenter randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280 1752-1756. 

March, J.S., and Leonard, H.L. (1998) OCD in children research and treatment. In Swinson, R., Rachman, J., Antony, and Richter, M., eds. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Theory, research, and Treatment. New York Guilford pp. 367-394. 

ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder EKG, electrocardiogram GI, gastrointestinal MD, major depression MR, mental retardation OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder. Trade names are in parentheses. Doses are general guidelines. All doses must be individualized with appropriate monitoring. Weight-corrected doses are less appropriate for obese children. 

TABLE 39.1 Symptoms of Obsessions and Compulsions in Children, Adolescents, and Adults with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder... 

Geller, D., Biederman, J., Agranat, A., Kim, G.S., Hagermoser, and L.M. (2001a) Developmental aspects of obsessive compulsive disorder findings in children, adolescents and adults. / Nerv Ment Dis 189(7) 471-477. 

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