Nutritional values for ruminants

Processed feed materials nutritional values for ruminants Fats... 

The following tables present the nutritional values for ruminants of processed feed materials and high moisture wheat and maize. 

Moss, A.R., D.l. Givens, H.F. Grundy and K.P.A. Wheeler, 1997. The nutritive value for ruminants of lupin seeds from determinate plants and their replacement of soya bean meal in diets for young growing cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 68, 11-23. 

The tables present three types of nutritive values for phosphorus apparent faecal phosphorus digestibility for the pigs (with, in some cases, different values depending on the denatured or non-denatured state of the endogenous phytase), phosphorus availability for chickens and absorbed phosphorus for ruminants. 

Existing feeding systems have been developed to adjust rations to the genetic potential of animals, the main issue being productivity and profitability. The INEA feeding system includes a feed evaluation system that defines two nutritional values for each feed, an energy and a protein value, as well as a fill value. It also includes a nutritional requirement system applicable to all types of ruminants. The system is developed for animals as individuals and the metabolic animal unit is considered as a black box. This system is widely used in practice and has proved its robustness (INRA, 2007). 

The proximate analyses, mineral composition, digestibility coefficients and nutritive values of brassicas, by-products, grains, grasses, hays, legumes, oil cakes, root crops, seeds and silages are given in MAFF/ADAS (1971) Nutrient Allowances and Composition of Feedingstuffs for Ruminants (Advisory Paper No. 11). 

In common with many other legume seeds, raw lentils contain some undesirable constituents, although the levels of these are not likely to be of concern in poultry feeding. Weder (1981) reported the presence of several protease inhibitors in lentils. Marquardt and Bell (1988) also identified lectins (hemagglutinins), phytic acid, saponins and tannins as potential problems but could find no evidence that these had adversely affected performance of pigs fed lentils. It is known that cooking improves the nutritive value of lentils for humans but the effects of consumption of raw lentils by non-ruminants have not been well documented (Castell, 1990). 

Safety and nutritional value of the SCP product for use as an animal feed has already been proven by studies on ruminant animals. 

Over millions of years, some animals evolved a specialized pouch in their digestive tracts to house these bacteria. This pouch—a fermentation sac—can either be located at the front end of the digestive tract, where it is called the rumen, or at the far end of the digestive tract, where it is called the large intestine or cecum. In these fermentation sacs, the cellulolytic bacteria happily do their thing and in turn, produce nutritional products that can be absorbed and used by the host animal for its own metabolism. Thus the ruminant or horse or alpaca or any animal housing these bacteria (including, to a small extent, humans) can obtain nutritional value from cellulose. 

The world production of rapeseed meal is shown in Table VI. In Asia essentially all the locally produced meal is of the high glucosinolate type. It is used principally for fertilizer with small amounts fed to ruminants. However, most countries importing rapeseed now prefer the Canadian canola seed because of the superior nutritional value of the low glucosinolate meal. The Chinese are very interested in developing low glucosinolate cultivars for their own use for similar reasons. 

America - pork as a raw material is much more important for sausages than the meat of ruminants (Leroy, Verluyten, De Vuyst, 2006). These products with improved nutritional profiles can be categorized as functional foods, as their health-preserving and nutritive values exceed those of conventional products (Decker Park, 2010). 

Straws, mainly from cereals, are of low nutritive value but are important foods for ruminants, especially in developing countries. 

Removal of the husk lowers the crude fibre content and has an important effect in improving the apparent digestibility of the other constituents. As a result, the nutritive value of the decorticated cake is raised significantly above that of the undecorticated cake. The latter is suitable for feeding adult ruminants only. In this class of animal, it may have a particular role in maintaining the fibre levels of the diets. Undecorticated cakes are rarely produced nowadays but partial decortication is widely practised. 

Table A2.2.1 Nutritive values of foods for ruminants and horses... 

---