Number and Time

Figure 38 shows the variance explained by the two principal component (PC) model as a percentage of each of the two indices batch number and time. The lower set of bars in Fig. 38a are the explained variances for the first PC, while the upper set of bars reflects the additional contribution of the second PC. The lower line in Fig. 38b is the explained variance over time for the first PC and the upper line is the combination of PC 1 and 2. Figure 38a indicates, for example, that batch numbers 13 and 30 have very small explained variances, while batch numbers 12 and 33 have variances that are captured very well by the reference model after two PCs. It is impossible to conclude from this plot alone, however, that batches 13 and 30 are poorly represented by the reference model. 

The numbers and times of collection for fecal specimens depend somewhat on the diagnosis suspected. As a routine, because some organisms are shed in a variable pattern, it is advisable to examine multiple specimens before excluding parasites. The general recommendation is to collect a specimen every second or third day, for a total of three specimens. From a hospitalized patient, one specimen each day for three days may be more cost effective. 

It is difficult to compare recoveries obtained by different laboratories because their extraction conditions (pH, phase ratio, number and time-length of extractions, salinity) are generally different. Sample volumes can be very high, up to 200 1 [433], and 50 1 of surface water [434] or 201 of sea water allow the extraction of 5 ng/1 of alkanes. When using a specific detection method, the sample volume can be lower 2 ng/1 of PAH was determined from 11 of river water using liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection [435]. Chlorophenols below the 10 ng/1 level were determined from 100 ml of sea water with electron capture detection (ECD) GC [436]. 

Box and tray number and time, especially of any positive units... 

The original methodology for group sequential boundaries required that the number and timing of interim analyses be specified in advance. However, in cases where potentially unfavorable safety data may be emerging, a more flexible implementation... 

Mice strains vary widely in their sensitivity to the toxin. When administered with multiple high MPTP doses, they exhibit striatal DA reductions, SN neuron loss, and behavioural impairment (Heikkila et al., 1984). However, depending on the endpoint tested, MPTP effects in mice vary with dose, route, number, and timing of injections, as well as gender, age (Jarvis and Wagner 1985), and strain (Tipton and Singer 1993). 

Each man should provide himself with data sheets and data boards beforehand. Be sure to record the data, shoot number, and time of burst on each sheet. Any visual impressions of cloud travel should also be noted on data sheets immediately after the shoot. Check watches with that of the Technical Director before the burst. 

Although the two-period crossover design has certain intrinsic weaknesses, intra-individual variation is usually smaller than variation between subjects, and bioequivalence can usually be established using a smaller number of subjects in a crossover study. The order in which subjects receive single doses of the different formulations must be randomised and an adequate interval allowed between doses to ensure washout. The number of subjects will depend on the variability of the kinetics of the compound. A power calculation should be performed using historical data, if possible. In practice, the minimum number of volunteers needed is 12 and the maximum usually about 24 but is occasionally more. The number and times of blood samples is a critical a sufficient number of samples is required around the to permit and to be identified with adequate accuracy. Sampling should continue for at least 3-4 half-lives and later samples should be spaced so that no more than about 15% (or ideally 10%) of the AUC has to be determined by extrapolation or interpolation between points. Model-fitted data are usually not acceptable should be obtained directly from the observed concentration data and... 

The difference in disease severity among the unstable hemoglobins may reside in the number and time of... 

Simulation evaluation often considers many numerical factors of a trial design. These include the total number of subjects, the proportion of subjects allocated to the treatment groups, and the number of treatments included (where the range of treatment that is most informative already has been defined by the dose-ranging study). Included in these components may be evaluations to explore effects within specific subpopulations, the inclusion of, and effect in, specific strata within treatment groups, or the impact of other inclusion or exclusion criteria. As discussed earlier, study duration and the number and timing of endpoint measures may also be considered through the trial simulation. 

Exposure dose. In particular, the exposure concentration, exposure time, and number and timing of exposures. 

Fig. 6. A, ChE activity of homogenates from the cerebrum (white columns) and retina (hatched columns) of atropinized male rats 16 h after subcutaneous administration of 2-MPAM-ES iodide (0.325 mg/kg). Two hours prior to the administration of the inhibitor the animals were pretreated with subcutaneous injections of 2,4-dinitrophenol (10 mg/kg), ouabain (1 mg/kg), and X-ray irradiation, 5,000 rads, through the head. Enzyme activities are expressed as percentages of the normal. Erythrocyte ChE activity (not shown on the figure) was reduced to 24% (see also Fig. 3). B, Columns denoting ChE in the cerebrum and retina as in A, but from animals pretreated with paraoxon (0.3 mg/kg) intravenously. The left pair of columns represents control animals which were given no subsequent reactivator therapy, whereas the following 3 pairs of columns show the effect of the enzyme reactivators indicated on figure. The ChE reactivation is seen to be more pronounced in the retina than in the cerebrum. Reactivation of erythrocyte ChE (not shown) was materially complete in these experiments. For further details (reactivator dosage, number and time-spacing of doses, etc.) see text.

M.-L. von Franz, Number and Time, Northwestern University Press, 1974, p. 109. For an interesting discussion of the numbers three and six, as well as a dream of a physicist of a six-pointed star, see pp. 

Fig. 4 Olefin selectivity in FT-synthesis on iron and cobalt as a function of carbon number and time...

Courcoubetics D.L. Dill (1990). There, time is represented by clocks carrying real numbers and time passed in the states. A transition is chosen out of those which are compatible with the actual clock values. Due to the arbitrary number of clocks and to modeling time by real numbers, the complexity for model checking is however exponential whereas the i roaches based on a global time and natural numbers are as efficient as standard CTL model checking (S.V. Campos E. Clarke 1994, J. FrdBl et al. 1996, T. Kropf J. Ruf 1997). Moreover, the former does not allow the use of well established symbolic state space traversal techniques. 

The form of kinetic equation has been established, based on die reaction rate constant for each individual series of experiments (the relationship between the acid number and time), assuming various power functions (reaction order). The magnitude of the spread of the reaction rate constant, measured in a few experiments conducted in constant temperature using varying starting molar ratios of alcohol to methacrylic acid, was used as a criterion in a selection of a correct form of the kinetic equation. The range should not exceed a few per cent. As it turned out, such a discriminate approach, a classical one fixim the kinetics point of view, worked very well and allowed for a precise establishment of a kinetic equation. 

Through the reduction of dimensions and simplification of the equipment design in the MBRU-12 as compared with the BN-600 plant, a reduction of repair and maintenance and a considerable reduction in the number and time of NPP shutdowns to perform required maintenance is achieved, which could result in the increase of the capacity factor from 0.8 adopted for design analyses, to 0.95 ... 

---