Normalized rate

Positive-displacement meters are normally rated for a limited temperature range. Meters can be constmcted for high or low temperature use by adjusting the design clearance to allow for differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion of the parts. Owing to small operating clearances, filters are commonly installed before these meters to minimize seal wear and resulting loss of accuracy. 

For production rates that differ from the agreed normal rate, the flexible budgeted overhead cost is given by... 

Minimum-flow loop left open at normal rates, or byj>ass around control valve is open. 

Fig. 27. Logarithm of normalized rate constant ln(fc/nto) versus dimensionless coupling strength C /Q for PES (4.28) with Q = 0.1, n = 1, F /a>o = 3. Separate points and dashed line correspond to instanton result and numerical data [Hontscha et al. 1990].

An explosion may occur if the filament is heated while a3l appreciable amount of air is still present. Furthermore, the heating element will burn out at once if an adequate supply of cyclohexene vapor is not supplied, since the current passing through the wire is far above the normal rating for air. 

The Event Data Store, applying specifically to nuclear power plants but discontinued because of high cost (approximately 1000 times normal rates)... 

A safety valve is usually needed on the steam exhaust side of the turbine to protect against high pressure on shut down. Most turbine case designs will not safely handle inlet steam pressure on the exhaust side, as the case is not designed to withstand intake pressure throughout. These valves are normally rated for 110% of the design steam rate. 

The combustion gas turbine is, in many respects, the most attractive means of producing power. Today the advantages of reliability, simplicity of operation and compactness outweigh the disadvantages posed by the price of the fuel required operating it. A typical land-based machine is shown in Figure 15.32. Gas turbines are normally rated at notional sea-level (ISO) conditions when burning a specified fuel. 

Whatever automatic start-up method is adopted, steam will only flow into the mains and discharge air from the air vents at a pressure at least a little above atmospheric. It then reaches the pipe and condenses on the cold metal, and at first the condensate temperature will be well below 100°C (212°F). This means that the steam traps will have a greater capacity than their normal rating when handling saturated condensate. If the traps are fitted to a collecting leg, at about 700 mm below the main, then filling of the collecting leg will provide a hydraulic head of about 0.07 bar or 1 Ib/in in addition to the line pressure. 

Pumps are normally rated by their volumetric output and discharge pressure. Volumetric output is the amount of fluid a pump can deliver to its outlet port in a certain period of time and at a given speed. Volumetric output is usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm). 

The products are adjusted upward in proportion to theilr rates to obtain a 100% weight balance. The normalized rates ... 

The mechanical behavior of plastics on time-dependent applied loading can cause different important effects on materials viscoelasticity. Loads applied for short times and at normal rates (Chapter 2) causes material response that is essentially elastic in character. However, under sustained load plastics, particularly TPs, tend to creep, a factor that is included in the design analysis. 

Inhibitors or retarders that give inert products are called ideal .173 The term ideal inhibitor has also been used to describe a species that stops all polymerization until such time as it is completely consumed (i.e. the induction period) and then allows polymerization to proceed at the normal rate. However, in many cases the products formed during inhibition or retardation are not inert. Four... 

Fhtients with liver or kidney disease are usually given dragp with caution because a cumulative effect may occur. When the patient is unable to excrete the drug at a normal rate the drug accumulates in the body, causing atoxic reaction. Sometimes, the primary health care provider lowers the dose of the drug to prevent a toxic drug reaction. 

In liver disease, for example, the ability to metabolize or detoxify a specific type of drug may be impaired. If the average or normal dose of the drug is given, the liver may be unable to metabolize the drug at a normal rate Consequently, the drug may be excreted from the body at a much slower rate than normal. The primary health care provider may then decide to prescribe a lower dose and lengthen the time between doses because liver function is abnormal. 

Heart rate of 20 bpm or more above the normal rate... 

Equation (10.12) is the simplest—and most generally useful—model that reflects heterogeneous catalysis. The active sites S are fixed in number, and the gas-phase molecules of component A compete for them. When the gas-phase concentration of component A is low, the k a term in Equation (10.12) is small, and the reaction is first order in a. When a is large, all the active sites are occupied, and the reaction rate reaches a saturation value of kjkd-The constant in the denominator, is formed from ratios of rate constants. This makes it less sensitive to temperature than k, which is a normal rate constant. 

Figure 2.17. Normalized rate for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction as a function of[S]//

Figure 4.1 Turnover of classical neurotransmitters. At normal rates of neuronal activity, endogenous stores of neurotransmitter are maintained at constant (steady-state) levels, indicating that the supply of new neurotransmitter (through synthesis) meets the demand (determined by release and metabolism). Consequently, the rate of the depletion (A) of the endogenous store of transmitter after inhibition of its synthesis indicates turnover rate and is described by the equation ...

M aqueous solutions of iodopentaminecobalt(lll) decompose with first-order kinetics at 45 °C with = 6.0x 10" sec 10" M solutions decompose faster after an initial induction period at the normal rate. Product analysis shows the fast decomposition to be a mixture of a redox process leading to iodine and substitution leading to aquopentaminecobalt(iri) and iodide. Addition of sodium iodide (to 10 M) accelerates the decomposition and... 

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