Nonpathogenic

Definitions. Physical and chemical agents that combat pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms are often referred to as disinfectants. Attempts to standardize terminology by health agencies in the United States, such as the CDC, the Pood and Dmg Administration (PDA), and the EPA, have resulted in the following definitions. 

A microbial source for a food enzyme must be nonpathogenic and nontoxicogenic. Manufacturers of microbial food enzymes have always selected their production microorganisms from the safe end of the spectmm of available sources. Consequendy, a few species have acquired a record of safe use as sources of a wide variety of food enzymes. 

Escherichia coli a nonpathogenic colon bacillus when found outside of the colon may cause infection e st ro ge ns female ho rmo lies e uthy roid no rmal thyroid functio n... 

A combination of aerobic and anaerobic organisms appears to increase the severity of infection. Facultative bacteria (such as E. coli) may provide an environment conducive to the growth of anaerobic bacteria.12 Although many bacteria isolated in mixed infections are nonpathogenic by themselves, their presence may be essential for the pathogenicity of the bacterial mixture.3 Facultative bacteria in mixed infections can ... 

Microscopy may not differentiate between the pathogenic E. histolytica and the nonpathogenic E. dispar or E. moshkovskii in stools. 

Dextran is produced from sucrose by a number of bacteria the major ones being the nonpathogenic bacteria Leuconostoc mesenterodes and Leuconostoc dextranicum. As expected, the structure (and consequently the properties) of the dextran is determined by the particular strain that produces it. 

The direct whole-cell method of Holland et al. was extremely rapid, even in comparison to Lubman s MALDI analysis of fractions collected after bacterial sonnication. With the whole-cell approach bacteria were simply sampled from colonies on an agar plate, mixed with the matrix, air-dried, and introduced in batches into the mass spectrometer for analysis. In all of the spectra obtained in these and later experiments, each bacterial strain showed a few characteristic high-mass ions that were attributed to bacterial proteins. Studies demonstrating the whole cell methodology for strain-level differentiation were reported independently by Claydon et al. at almost the same time.18 Shortly thereafter a third study on whole-cell MALDI included bacteria from pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains appeared.19... 

The feasibility of this approach to not only differentiate pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of bacteria based on significant differences in protein mass but also on the basis of variations in levels of protein expression was demonstrated using a method for quantitating protein expression by LC/MS of whole proteins.54 This method is based on the fact that some proteins present in cells are abundant universal proteins whose expression levels exhibit little variation. This method demonstrates that these co-extracted proteins can be used as internal standards to which the other proteins in the sample can be compared. By comparing the intensities of a selected protein to a marker protein, or internal standard, a relative ratio is obtained. This ratio... 

Recurrent CDAD is a particularly difficult problem which occurs in up to 20% of patients. Most patients will need repeated antibiotic treatment with metronidazole or vancomycin. Treatment strategies include pulsing or tapering antibiotics and adding probiotic agents, such as Lactobacillus GG or the nonpathogenic yeast Saccharo-myces boulardii [66],... 

S. boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast with proven efficacy in the prevention of AAD in multiple trials in adults and children [7, 8, 78], The yeast may compensate for changes in microbial fermentation in response to antibiotic therapy [78], Its use to prevent AAD in at-risk patients should be a good adjunct to other methods such as limiting C. difficile overgrowth [1],... 

Changes in any of these factors can greatly influence an individual s susceptibility to infection, as can changes in the overall ability of the host to mount an inflammatory response. Nonpathogenic microbes are capable of becoming disease-producing pathogens in individuals with reduced cellular or humoral defenses or defects (e.g., immunocompromised or nutritionally compromised individuals). 

Infection with HIV affects every compartment of the immune system and results in a progressive decrease in the body s ability to eliminate other invading or normally nonpathogenic organisms. The immune defects observed in HIV seropositive patients are numerous. 

Role of fruiting bodies of nonpathogenic fiingi in nutrition of small mammals... 

Effect of soil moisture and temperature on occurrence of nonpathogenic fiingi... 

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