Nonmolecularity

Nylon-6. Nylon-6—clay nanometer composites using montmorillonite clay intercalated with 12-aminolauric acid have been produced (37,38). When mixed with S-caprolactam and polymerized at 100°C for 30 min, a nylon clay—hybrid (NCH) was produced. Transmission electron microscopy (tern) and x-ray diffraction of the NCH confirm both the intercalation and molecular level of mixing between the two phases. The benefits of such materials over ordinary nylon-6 or nonmolecularly mixed, clay-reinforced nylon-6 include increased heat distortion temperature, elastic modulus, tensile strength, and dynamic elastic modulus throughout the —150 to 250°C temperature range. 

Nonmolecular species, including radiant quanta, electrons, holes, and phonons, may interact with the molecular environment. In some cases, the electronic environment (3), in a film for example, may be improved by doping with impurities (4). Contamination by undesirable species must at the same time be limited. In general, depending primarily on temperature, molecular transport occurs in and between phases (5), but it is unlikely that the concentration ratios of molecular species is uniform from one phase to another or that, within one phase, all partial concentrations or their ratios are uniform. Molecular concentrations and species that are anathema in one appHcation may be tolerable or even desirable in another. Toxic and other types of dangerous gases are handled or generated in vacuum systems. Safety procedures have been discussed (6,7). 

Theory of Electrophoretic Motion. The study of the mechanics of electrophoresis focuses on the basis of electric potential on the surface of an object, and the relation of the electric potential to the velocity of the particle. Whereas research has been generally limited to nonmolecular particles of weU-defined geometry and is not strictly apphcable to molecules such as proteins and DNA fragments, this work is useful for understanding the physics of electrophoretic motion. 

What chemical phenomena lead to the inorganic or nonmolecular products ... 

Let us consider a species ML (metal-ligands). This species may be present in a nonmolecular solid or in a solution, it may be a molecule or a coordination complex ion. 

S. C. Lee and R. H. Holm, Nonmolecular metal chalcogenide/halide solids and their molecular cluster analogues. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 29 (1990) 840. 

Homoleptic silver(I) thiolates AgSR have been known and used for a long time,957,958 but until recently with little definitive information about their structures. They are insoluble or slightly soluble, yielding unreliable high molecular weights in solution, indicative of nonmolecular crystal structures. These compounds dissolve due to the presence of thiolate ions. 

There are several methods of producing gas-phase inorganic ions, the starting materials in mass spectrometric studies. The properties of the source of the ions required for study are important in the choice of ionization method. The production of bare metal ions from an involatile nonmolecular source requires a large amount of energy deposited on the surface of the material. The processes that occur after the initial ionization process may also affect the ions finally observed (e.g., clustering). At the other end of the ionization energy spectrum, gas-phase ions of a complexity similar to those observed in the condensed phases require a soft ionization process. A brief description of some of the ionization methods follows. 

For nonmolecular solids, called coordinated polymers, he substitutes the Madelung part of the lattice energy... 

Initially the q phase was assigned as the nonmolecular form of nitrogen, assuming the cubic gauche structure suggested by Mailhiot as the most likely [324]. However, the value of the band gap and the opaque appearance of the sample are not suited for an extended array of N-N single bonds. As a matter of... 

Attempts have been made to obtain the nonmolecular form of nitrogen by pressurizing solid sodium azide—that is, a compound where nitrogen is present in another molecular form as a linear triatomic species N3, with the expectation that the different starting molecular stmcture could facilitate the polymerization. On the other hand, one could also note that the nitride ion is isoelectronic with... 

Figure 20. Atoms arrangement in the cubic gauche form of nonmolecular nitrogen.

For nonmolecular substances like sodium chloride, the use of the word mole, with its connotation of molecules, is inappropriate. A comparable unit, the gram formula weight, is used it is defined as the sum in grams of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the chemical formula of the substance. For sodium chloride (NaCl), one gram formula weight is calculated as... 

The mole unit and the gram formula unit are employed in similar calculations. For this reason, many chemists use the term mole to describe quantities of both molecular and nonmolecular substances. Try answering the following problems ... 

It may appear from the above that only nonpolar liquids yield nonmolecular solvent anions upon the ionization. Perhaps this is misleading Most polar liquids studied by radiation chemists are aliphatic alcohols and water, and these liquids yield solvated electrons rather than radical ions. Although there has been sporadic interest in other polar liquids (e.g., neat acetone), the current state of knowledge of such systems does not allow one to reach any conclusion as to the nature of the reducing species observed therein (although, see Sec. 4). 

Berthod, A., Ruiz-Angel, M. J., and Huguet S., Nonmolecular solvents in separation methods Dual nature of room temperature ionic liquids. Anal. Chem., 77,4071-4080,2005. 

Just as atomic mass is the mass of an atom, molecular mass is the mass of a molecule. The analogous term formula mass is used for ionic and other nonmolecular substances. Molecular mass is the sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in the molecule. When referring to the large numbers of molecules or ions that take part in a visible chemical reaction, it s convenient to use a unit called the mole, abbreviated mol. One mole of any object, atom, molecule, or ion contains Avogadro s number of formula units, 6.022 x 1023. 

Ionic liquids (ILs) are basically salts with poorly coordinated ions, resulting in low melting points. Since low is a relative term (NaCl, for example, is an IL between 801 °C and 1465 °C), chemists use it to refer either to salts which melt below 100 °C, or to salts that are liquid at 25 °C. The latter group is known as room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). In most RTILs, one of the ions is organic, with a delocalized charge. Note that ILs are not concentrated salt solutions. They are nonmolecular liquids which contain, in theory, no water (in practice, many ILs contain at least traces of water). 

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