Noninvasive methodologies

Fenniri H, Hedderich HG, Haber KS, Achkar J, Taylor B, Ben-Amotz D, Towards the DRED of resin-supported combinatorial libraries a noninvasive methodology based on bead self-encoding and multispectral imaging, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 39 4483-4485, 2000. 

The 12C-nC substitution will produce chemically identical molecules and give the chance to study many biological processes by this noninvasive methodology and can also be used in new-drug research and development (R D). 

Table II. Noninvasive Methodologies for Investigating Surface Complexes...

The success of noninvasive methodologies will lie in the development of remote and noncontact sampling methodologies. Several possibilities have been described (Andrews and Dallin, 2003). In this chapter, only some methodologies using changes in the light properties are developed. 

Winschel, C. A. Kaushik, V. Abdrakhmanova, G. Aris, S. M. Sidorov, V. New noninvasive methodology for real-time monitoring of lipid flip. Bioconjugate Chem. 2007,18,1507-1515. 

Noninvasive validation of tobacco smoking behavior is necessary for large population health studies. Moreover, a main problem in the risk assessment of passive smoking is the lack of a suitable methodology for the quantification of exposure. Measurements of nicotine in hair could prove to be a reliable marker for passive exposure. Several reports have presented data on nicotine in hair. ° Some have included the monitoring of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine. 

Although still employing whole animals, these methodologies significantly reduce discomfort by using lower concentrations or smaller volumes of test material, and they increase the sensitivity for detection of early injury by the use of noninvasive objective techniques. Most also have the advantage of allowing a quantitative approach. 

K. Maruo, T. Oota, M. Tsurugi, T. Nakagawa, H. Arimoto, M. Tamura, Y. Ozaki, and Y. Yamada, New Methodology to Obtain a Calibration Model for Noninvasive Near-Infrared Blood Glucose Monitoring, Appl. Spectrosc., 60,441 (2006). 

Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of metabolites and has gained a strong impact on nutritional research [76]. The great asset of these methodologies is the quantitative, noninvasive analysis of easily accessible human body fluids like urine, blood, saliva, and tears. The metabolome is complex, and thus requires multiple highly sophisticated techniques of separation and identification, such as NMR and MS. Additionally, the use of chemometrics for analyzing the complex data obtained is mandatory [73]. 

---