Non-ELR chemokines

Palmer K, Emtage PCR, Stricter RM, Gauldie J. Transient gene transfer of non-ELR chemokines to rodent lung induces mononuclear cell accumulation and activation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999 19 1381-1390. 

One of the main reasons for interest in chemokines is the ease with which their expression can be documented in physiological settings involving leukocyte trafficking or in diseases characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration. In the case of most ELR-containing CXC chemokines, their ability to attract neutrophils in vitro is paralleled by a similar activity when injected in vivo (1-3). However, in the case of non-ELR CXC and most CC chemokines, injection in vivo has resulted in disparate and inconsistent reports of activity (4-6). Thus, in order to be able to infer anything about the function of chemokines in normal physiology or disease, it must be demonstrated that their in vitro activities accurately predict their in vivo activities. 

Cole KE, Strick CA, Paradis TJ, et al. Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) a novel non-ELR CXC chemokine with potent activity on activated T cells through selective high affinity binding to CXCR3. J Exp Med 1998 187 2009-2021. 

Cole, K., Strick, C., Paradis, T., Gladue, R. P., Moser, B., and Neote, K. (1998) Interferon stimulated T-cell Alpha Chemoattractant (I-TAC) a novel non-ELR CXC chemokine highly expressed in activated astrocytes that has potent T-cell chemotactic activity. J. Exp. Med. 187, 2009-2021. 

However, the non-ELR CXC chemokine, SDF-1/CXCL12, induces neovascularization in vivo (Salcedo et ai, 1999). Most ELR-containing CXC chemokines chemoattract neutrophils but not monocytes, while non-ELR CXC chemokines are usually poor neutrophil chemoattractants but chemoattract lymphocytes and monocytes. 

D. Alternative Mechanisms to Receptor Interaction Related to the Angiostatic Activity of CXCL4 That May be Applicable to Other Angiostatic Non-ELR+ CXC Chemokines... 

Non-ELR+ CXC Chemokines Weaken Angiogenesis Associated with Tumorigenesis... 

V. NON-ELR-I- CXC CHEMOKINES WEAKEN ANGIOGENESIS ASSOCIATED WITH TUMORIGENESIS... 

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