Nomenclature List of Symbols

With reference to Figure 1 and the list of symbols in the Nomenclature section, the integrated energy equations are ... 

Fig. 3 Mechanisms contributing to the effective radial thermal conductivity (for nomenclature see list of symbols)...

Rules for lUPAC Notation for Organic Compounds (Longmans, 1961) is based on the Dyson system and provides a linear cipher for all chemical substances of known structure which can be adopted for indexes. It supersedes A Proposed International Chemical Notation (1958). Some useful lists of symbols have also been published e.g. the Manual of Physico-chemical Symbols and Terminology (issued separately and in J. Amer. chem. Soc. 82, 5517-22 (1960), and the now out-of-date Symbols of Thermodynamical and Physico-chemical Quantities and Conventions Relating to their Use Chem. Ind. 15, 860-5 (1937) Analyst 62, 800-5 (1937)), and International Physico-chemical Symbols (Z. Elektrochem. 27, 5TI-yi (1921). Another volume in the Advances in Chemistry series. No. 14, Nomenclature for Terpene Hydrocarbons, describes the system approved by the ACS and accepted in part by lUPAC. 

In this table, symbols used in this section are defined in a general way SI and customary U.S. units are listed. Specialized symbols are either defined at the point of application or in a separate table of nomenclature. 

The separate question of names and symbols for the new elements has, unfortunately, taken even longer to resolve, but definitive recommendations were ratified by lUPAC in August 1997 and have been generally accepted. It is clearly both unsatisfactory and confusing to have more than one name in current use for a given element and to have the same name being applied to two different elements. For this reason the present treatment refers to the individual elements by means of their atomic numbers. However, to help readers with the nomenclature used in the references cited, a list of the various names that are in use or that have been suggested from time to time is summarised in Table 31.7. 

The simplest kind of formula is a compositional formula or empirical formula, which lists the constituent elements in the atomic proportions in which they are present in the compound. For such a formula to be useful in lists or indexes, an order of citation of symbols (hierarchy) must be agreed. Such hierarchies, often designated seniorities or priorities, are commonly used in nomenclature. For lists and indexes, the order is now generally recommended to be the alphabetical order of symbols, with one very important exception. Because carbon and hydrogen are always present in organic compounds, C is always cited first, H second and then the rest, in alphabetical order. In non-carbon-containing compounds, strict alphabetical order is adhered to. 

The conversion from a connection table to other unambiguous representations is substantially more difficult. The connection table is the least structured representation and incorporates no concepts of chemical significance beyond the list of atoms, bonds, and connections. A complex set of rules must be applied in order to derive nomenclature and linear notation representations. To translate from these more structured representations to a connection table requires primarily the interpretation of symbols and syntax. The opposite conversion, from the connection table to linear notation, nomenclature, or coordinate representation first requires the detailed analysis of the connection table to identify appropriate substructural units. The complex ordering rules of the nomenclature or notation system or the esthetic rules for graphic display are then applied to derive the desired representation. 

Table I is a list of all the enzymes that will be mentioned in this article. Neither the E.C. number nor the nomenclature name is convenient for repeated use in a discussion. Therefore, for the running text, we shall use mostly the time-established trivial names. We shall use 1 to 3-letter symbols in the Tables. For these, we have followed common practice as much as possible, but we had to innovate in some cases in order to avoid confusion.

A survey of the Additive Molar Functions (AMFs), which will be discussed in this book, is given in Scheme 3.3. There the names, symbols and definitions are given of the 21 AMFs from which the majority of the physical and physicochemical properties of polymers can be calculated or at least estimated. Scheme 3.3 is at the same time a condensed list of the Nomenclature used. 

Ordinarily, the same symbol is used for a given physical quantity regardless of its units. Subscripts, superscripts, and lower- and upper-case letters can be employed to give special meanings. The nomenclature should be consistent with common usage (a list of recommended symbols for chemical engineering quantities is presented in Table l).t... 

The following is a list of nomenclature related to the reactor model, Equations 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Other letters and symbols are defined in the text. 

Metal-metal bonding is indicated by the italicized element symbols of the appropriate metal atoms, separated by an em dash and enclosed in parentheses, placed after the list of central atom names and before the ionic charge. The element symbols are placed in the same order as the central atoms appear in the name, i.e. with the element met last in the sequence of Table VI given first. The number of such metal-metal bonds is indicated by an arabic numeral placed before the first element symbol and separated from it by a space. For the purpose of nomenclature, no distinction is made between different metal-metal bond orders. 

This chapter outlines and lists the symbols, terminology and nomenclature, the units and conversion factors, the order of formulae, the standard conditions, and the fundamental physical constants used in this volume. They are derived from international standards and have been specially adjusted for the TDB publications. 

An attempt has been made by the editors to use a unified nomenclature throughout the handbook. Given the breadth of the technical coverage, some exceptions will be found. However, with few exceptions, one symbol has only one meaning within any given section. Each symbol is defined at the end of each section of the handbook. Both SI and English units are given for each symbol in the nomenclature lists. 

Numbers in parentheses refer to the equation in which the symbol first appears. Letters and numerals that serve as labels of points and lines are shown in boldface when they appear in the text and are not given in the list of Nomenclature. 

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