Nomenclature, and Uses

The principal chlorofluorocarbons which have been used are CC13F, CC12F2, and CHC1F2. These are often referred to as CFC-11, CFC-I2, and CFC-22, respectively alternatively, the abbreviations F-lf, F-I2, 

To provide some historical perspective, Table 12.2 gives the distribution of sales by use for CFC-11 and CFC-12, broken down into aerosol propellants, blowing agents, refrigerants, and other uses, from 1976 to 1992. On a global basis, the use as aerosol propellants accounted for more than half of the sales of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in 1976. Essentially all of this as well as most of that used in other applications has been released into the atmosphere. 

TABLE 12.2 Total CFC Sales by Use from 1976 to 1992 (in Thousands of Metric Tons)  

FIGURE 12.11 Estimated annual worldwide releases of CFC-11 and CFC-12 from f952 to f980. Data from Chemical Manufacturers Association (adapted from National Research Council, 1984). 

FIGURE 12.12 Estimated global annual emissions of CFC-11 and CFC-12 (adapted from World Meteorological Organization, 1995). 

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Nomenclature and use of standard samples of Titanium- and Aluminium-based alloys available in Russia... 

Formally, HGeCl3 belongs to inorganic chemistry and should be named trichloroger-manium hydride. We will follow the organic chemistry nomenclature and use the name... 

Grasp the principles of systematic (IUPAC) nomenclature and use it for compounds of medium size... 

The introduction to the Part II Report was revised extensively in the previous volume and that chapter, which covered in detail Scope and Coverage of the Report Organization, Nomenclature, and Use of the Report Significant Advances in Macromolecular Carbohydrate Chemistry and Conclusions and Readership , is classified as essential reading for any new reader of this Series of Part II Reports. 

Question 2 If two of them are related more closely, what does this mean about the organisms, species, or taxa about their evolution, classification, even their nomenclature and usefulness and interest to humans ... 

These common names are acceptable in lUPAC nomenclature and are the names that will be used in this text... 

Alkylamines are named m two ways One method adds the ending amine to the name of the alkyl group The other applies the principles of sub stitutive nomenclature by replacing the e ending of an alkane name by amine and uses appropriate locants to identify the position of the ammo group Arylammes are named as derivatives of aniline... 

These distinctions are summarized in Table 3.1 for handy reference. The nomenclature and notation are somewhat confusing, and the situation gets even worse when other sources are consulted. Not all authors use the same notation, so Table 3.1 is useful as a concordance. 

Implicit ia the base names are the absolute configurations at carbons 8 and 12 and the iadicated numbering systems. Derivatives of these parent stmctures are named according to terpene and steroid nomenclature rules (see Steroids Terpenoids). The lengthy and awkward nature of the chemical abstract systematic nomenclature (12) for these compounds has resulted ia the development (13) and use of simplified nomenclature based on common names. 

Vimses contain either RNA or DNA, and this nucleic acid composition forms the basis for thek classification. Although vimses ate known to infect bactetia, insects, plants, animals, and humans, this discussion is restticted to the important vimses of vertebrates. The relevant vimses ate summarized in Table 2, using the nomenclature and taxonomy recommended by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Vimses (4,5). 

Usage Glassification. It is advantageous to consider the classification of dyes by use or method of appHcation before considering chemical stmctures in detail because of dye nomenclature and jargon that arises from this system. 

All four possible pyridopyrimidine systems, pyrido[2,3-Chemical Abstracts nomenclature is used throughout this Chapter. For the reasons given above (Section 2.15.1), the pyrido[2,3-fused systems, e.g. (5) and (6) (numbering shown), are also known. The linear benzo fused derivatives of pyrido[3,2-[Pg.201]

Proc., 65(3), 45 (1986)] is preferred. To use this and alternate models, dimensional characteristics of structured packing must be defined. Figure 14-51 shows nomenclature and definitions of key dimensions. Not shown, but also important, is the angle the corrugations make with the horizontal (usu y 45 or 60°). Then the Rocha et al. predictive equation is ... 

Many names in common use for heteropolycycles provide little or no information about structure. Most such names were introduced long before any serious attempts were made to systematize nomenclature, and although more systematic equivalents can now be coined in many cases (for example, indole can be named benz[f)]azole or 1-azacyclopentabenzene), it is likely that the use of a substantial residue of trivial names will continue. However, one would not expect many new trivial names to be introduced in the future, except in the natural product area (see Section 1.02.4). 

In substitutive nomenclature the use of the prefix oxo- or the suffix -one means the insertion of =0 in place of two hydrogen atoms. This is straightforward when the parent carries a CHz group at the appropriate position (example 206), but often the insertion of =0 requires prior reduction of a double bond. When the prefix oxo- is employed, this is achieved by using the appropriate hydro- prefix terms (example 207). However, the suffix -one can be used without hydro , the required reduction being implied rather than overtly stated (example 208) if desired the position of the hydrogen atom introduced to accommodate the carbonyl can be indicated in parentheses (see also examples 123 and 124). 

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