Nitropyrenes determination

In the PO-CL system, the compounds showing native fluorescence or that fluoresce after chemical derivatization can be detected. As examples of the PO-CL detection of native fluorescence compounds, dipyridamole and benzydamine in rat plasma [57] and fluphenazine [58] have been reported in the former method, the detection limits of dipyridamole and benzydamine were 345 pM and 147 nM in plasma, respectively. Diamino- and aminopyrenes were sensitively determined using TCPO and their detection limits were in the sub-fmol range [59], Carcinogenic compounds such as 1- nitropyrene and its metabolites, can also be determined by the HPLC-PO-CL system. Nonfluorescent nitropyrenes were converted into the corresponding fluorescent aminopyrenes by online reduction on a Zn column followed by detection 2-50-fmol detection limits were achieved in the determination of ethanol extracts from airborne particulates (Fig. 13) [60],... 

Nitropyrene also formed when pyrene deposited on glass filter paper containing sodium nitrite was irradiated with UV light at room temperature (Ohe, 1984). This compound was reported to have formed from the reaction of pyrene with NOx in urban air from St. Louis, MO (Randahl et al., 1982). Behymer and Hites (1985) determined the effect of different substrates on the rate of photooxidation of pyrene using a rotary photoreactor. The photolytic half-lives of pyrene using silica gel, alumina, and fly ash were 21,31, and 46 h, respectively. 

The human cell mutagenicities of several mono- and dinitropyrenes were determined by Busby and coworkers (1994b) in a forward mutation assay using a metabolically competent line of MCL-5 cells. Minimum detectable mutagen concentrations (MMC, in nmol ml-1 the smaller the detectable concentration, the greater the potency) were as follows 1,6-dinitropyrene, 0.8 1,8-dinitropyrene, 1.5 4-nitropyrene, 3.1 1-nitro-pyrene, 9.1. Other PACs tested, 2-nitropyrene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, and pyrene, were nonmutagens in this... 

Nielsen, T., and T. Ramdahl, Determination of 2-Nitrofluoranthene and 2-Nitropyrene in Ambient Particulate Matter Evidence for Atmospheric Reactions, Atmos. Environ., 20, 1507-1509 (1986). 

Ramdahl, T., J. A. Sweetman, B. Zielinska, W. P. Harger, A. M. Winer, and R. Atkinson, Determination of Nitrofluoranthenes and Nitropyrenes in Ambient Air and Their Contribution to Direct Mutagenicity, presented at the Tenth Anniversary of the International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Columbus, OH, October 21-23, 1985b. 

Nitroarenes can be effectively determined by RP-HPLC-FLD after reduction to the corresponding PAA. Reduction with NaHS was found to be more efficient than with NaBHj/CuCL. The method was applied to determination of 2-nitrofluorene and 1-nitropyrene, which were converted to 2-fluorenylamine (10b) and 1-pyrenamine (13), respectively, and were found to be at ca 5 ppm levels in dust collected in the Upper Silesia region202. 

Hayakawa K, Murahashi T, Butoh M, Miyazaki M. Determination of 1,3-, 1,6-and 1,8-dinitropyrenes and 1-nitropyrene in urban air by high-performance liquid chromatography using chemiluminescence detection. Environ Sci Technol 1995 29 928-32. 

In this study, the concentrations of several kinds of nitro-PAH, such as 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), 2-nitropyrene (2-NP), 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NF), and 2-NTP, in the soluble organic fraction of airborne particles were determined by a column switching HPLC-chemiluminescence detection system in order to clarify the occurrence and behaviour of 2-NTP in the atmosphere. 

Murahashi, T., Tsuruga, F., and Sasaki, S., An automatic method for the determination of carcinogenic 1-nitropyrene in extracts from automobile exhaust particulate matter. Analyst, 128, 1346-1351, 2003. 

Pitts, J. N. Jr., Sweetman, J. A., Zielinska, B., Winer, A. M., and Atkinson, R. (1985a) Determination of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene in ambient particulate organic matter Evidence for atmospheric reactions, Atmos. Environ. 19, 1601-1608. 

Rate constants for the formation of 1-nitropyrene from pyrene were determined experimentally using this expression and found to give 1.4 i 0.3 x 10"2 h ppm" for three independent experiments. It can be concluded from these results that ... 

Hayakawa, K. Lu, C. Mizukami, S. Toriba, A. Tang, N. Determination of 1-nitropyrene metabolites by high-performance hquid chromatography with chemiluminescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A, 2006, 1107, 286-289. 

Stoppacher N, Pittner F, Sontag G (2009) Design of a voltanunetric immunosensor for determination of 1-nitropyrene. Monatsh Chem 140 909-914... 

Further, it was demonstrated that simultaneous determination of 1-amino- and 1-hydroxypyrene is not possible due to close oxidation potentials nevertheless, the wide potential window of BDD electrodes enables simultaneous determination of these oxidizable compounds with the nitro analog and their precursor in the atmosphere - 1-nitropyrene. ... 

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