Exhaust, particulate matter

Melton, C. W., R. I. Mitchell, D. A. Trayser, and J. F. Foster. Chemical and Physical Characterization of Automotive Exhaust Particulate Matter in the Atmos-... 

The data in Tables 10.27 and 10.28 also show that the percentage of in-use, gasoline-fueled noncatalyst light-duty automobiles dropped from 44% in 1982 to 8% in 1993 and the percentage of their vehicle miles traveled went from 33% to only 4% during that period. Furthermore, while diesel cars accounted for only 1.9 and 1.5% of the in-use light-duty automobiles in 1982 and 1993, respectively, they were responsible for 45 and 40% of the total auto exhaust particulate matter. Par-... 

FIGURE 10.30 Percent conversion-time profiles for the decay of 5 PAHs in diesel exhaust particulate matter (Dp = 0.5 p.m) collected on glass fiber filters and exposed to 1.5 ppm of ozone in air under Hi-Vol sampling conditions. Half-lives (dotted line) decrease in order of the Nielsen (1984) electrophilic reactivity scale (Table 10.30) BaP, benzo[u]pyrene BghiP, benzo[ghi]pclyIcne BeP, benzolelpyrene IndP, indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene BkFI, benzolk]fluoranthene (adapted from Van Vaeck and Van Cauwenberghe, 1984). 

Tong, H. Y., and F. W. Karasek, Quantitation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fractionation and High-Resolution Gas Chromatography, Anal. Chem., 56, 2129-2134(1984). 

Thorpe AJ, Harrison RM (2008) Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic a review. Sci Total Environ 400 270-282... 

Harris SJ, Maricq MM (2001) Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter. J Aerosol Sci 32(6) 749-764... 

Fruin SA, Winer AM, Rodes CE (2004) Black carbon concentrations in California vehicles and estimation of in-vehicle diesel exhaust particulate matter exposures. Atmos Environ 38 4121—4133... 

Ryno, M., L. Rantanen, E. Papaioannou, A.G. Konstandopoulos, T. Koskentalo, and K. Savela. 2006. Comparison of pressurized fluid extraction, Soxhlet extraction and sonication for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air and diesel exhaust particulate matter. J. Environ. Monit. 8 488 193. 

Use of acidic COz is clearly undesirable for the extraction of basic compounds, and N20 has been used effectively for a number of amines (Mathias-son et al. 1989 Ashraf-Khorassani and Taylor 1990). Similarly, C02 was ineffective for extraction of 1-nitropyrene from diesel exhaust particulate matter although this could be accomplished effectively using the freon CHC1F2 (Paschke et al. 1992). In conclusion, it seems safe to state the obvious no single supercritical fluid is likely to be optimal for the extraction of structurally diverse analytes. 

Paschke, T., S.B. Hawthorne, and D.J. Miller. 1992. Supercritical fluid extraction of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust particulate matter. J. Chromatogr. 609 333-340. 

Tong HY, Karasek FW (1984) Quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust particulate matter by high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and high-resolution gas chromatography. Anal Chem 56, 2129-2134. 

Murahashi, T., Tsuruga, F., and Sasaki, S., An automatic method for the determination of carcinogenic 1-nitropyrene in extracts from automobile exhaust particulate matter. Analyst, 128, 1346-1351, 2003. 

Cadle S, Mulawa P, Hunsanger E, Nelson K, Ragazzi R, Barrett R, Gallagher G, Lawson D, Knapp K, Snow R (1999) Composition of light-duty motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter in the Denver, Colorado area. Environ Sci Technol 33 2328-2339... 

Li N, Kim S, Wang M et al (2002) Use of a stratified oxidative stress model to study the biological effects of ambient concentrated and diesel exhaust particulate matter. Inhalation Toxicol 14 459-486... 

Figure 3. Cutaway view of lead trap showing location of alumina pellets upstream of cyclone separators. The alumina pellets promote agglomeration and the dual parallel cyclones separate and retain the exhaust particulate matter in collection chambers.

For the lead trap cars, lead emissions were only one-third those of the standard cars over the urban cycle and one-twelfth those of the standard cars over the highway cycle. This test demonstrates that purging of previously collected exhaust particulate matter does not take place with properly designed traps when switching from sustained mild driving conditions to more severe conditions of continuous operation at highway speeds. 

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