Nitrogen naming

Hijji and Benjamin also accomplished a microwave synthesis of thalidomide in acceptable yield in 2004 (Scheme 5) [36-39]. Ammonium chloride was found to be an effective source for nitrogen. Namely, phthalic anhydride (4), glutamic acid (8), and ammonium chloride were mixed in 1 1 1 ratio with a catalytic amount of DMAP and heated in a conventional microwave oven for 6.5 min. The mixture melted to a brown liquid. The heating continued for an additional 1 min to give thalidomide (1) in 52% yield in this two-step, one-pot reaction after solubilization, precipitation, and recrystal-lization. 

This value may be compared to the permeability of silica to nitrogen, namely, 9.5 X 10-10 cc./sq. cm./second/mm./cm. of mercury. Care must be exercised in comparing permeability data because of the difficulty of separating the effects caused by permeability from other effects by which gas is evolved in the vacuum system. 

The element to the left of oxygen in the Periodic Table is nitrogen. This has five electrons in its valence shell in the elemental state, and so in order to make up the octet it becomes involved in three covalent bonds. In the trihydride of nitrogen, namely ammonia, each of the constituent atoms bears a zero charge. 

Considerable data have been published on the deterioration of some specific properties of polyamides as a consequence of natural or artificial weathering but few papers have been concerned with mechanistic photochemistry of these polymers. The results of Sharkey and Mochel [101] on the photo-oxidation of amides have opened the way to a better understanding of the problem. These authors have suggested that the primary photochemical step in the photolysis of amides is the breaking of the CO—NH bond with the formation of two free radicals which preferentially abstract hydrogen atoms from the methylene groups adjacent to the nitrogen namely,... 

A year later, Fraser and Stanton obtained by the alcoholic extraction of rice bran a product capable of curing beri-beri, and, in 1911, Funk obtained an active, crystalline residue and, since it contained basic nitrogen, named it vitamine. 

This recrystallised acid is pure in the norm y accepted sense of the word, namely it has a sharp m.p. and gives on analysis excellent values for carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. If however it is subjected to one-dimensional paper chromatography (p. 53), the presence of traces of unchanged anthranilic acid can be detected, and repeated recrystallisation is necessary to remove these traces. 

Amines are named m two mam ways m the lUPAC system either as alkylamines or as alkanamines When primary amines are named as alkylamines the ending amine IS added to the name of the alkyl group that bears the nitrogen When named as alkan amines the alkyl group is named as an alkane and the e ending replaced by amine... 

Secondary and tertiary amines are named as N substituted derivatives of primary amines The parent primary amine is taken to be the one with the longest carbon chain The prefix N is added as a locant to identify substituents on the ammo nitrogen as needed... 

A nitrogen that bears four substituents is positively charged and is named as an ammonium ion The anion that is associated with it is also identified m the name... 

Many naturally occurring nitrogen compounds and many nitrogen containing drugs are bet ter known by common names than by their systematic names A few of these follow Wnte a struc tural formula for each one... 

Saccharin was discovered at Johns Hopkins Uni versity in 1879 in the course of research on coal tar derivatives and is the oldest artificial sweetener In spite of Its name which comes from the Latin word for sugar saccharin bears no structural relationship to any sugar Nor is saccharin itself very soluble in wa ter The proton bonded to nitrogen however is fairly acidic and saccharin is normally marketed as its water soluble sodium or calcium salt Its earliest applications were not in weight control but as a... 

The bivalent radical —NH— linked to two identical radicals can be denoted by the prefix imino-, as well as when it forms a bridge between two carbon ring atoms. A trivalent nitrogen atom linked to three identical radicals is denoted by the prefix nitrilo-. Thus ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (an allowed exception) should be named ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid. 

Ammonium Compounds. Salts and hydroxides containing quadricovalent nitrogen are named as a substituted ammonium salt or hydroxide. The names of the substituting radicals precede the word ammonium, and then the name of the anion is added as a separate word. For example, (CH3)4N+I is tetramethylammonium iodide. 

In complex cases, the prefixes amino- and imino- may be changed to ammonio- and iminio- and are followed by the name of the molecule representing the most complex group attached to this nitrogen atom and are preceded by the names of the other radicals attached to this nitrogen. Finally the name of the anion is added separately. For example, the name might be 1-trimethylammonio-acridine chloride or 1-acridinyltrimethylammonium chloride. 

Imines. The group >C=NH is named either by the suffix -imine or by citing the name of the bivalent radical R R C< as a prefix to amine. For example, CH3CH2CH2CH=NH could be named 1-butanimine or butylideneamine. When the nitrogen is substituted, as in CH2=N—CH2CH3, the name is A-(methylidene)ethylamine. 

Quinones are exceptions. When one or more atoms of quinonoid oxygen have been replaced by >NH or >NR, they are named by using the name of the quinone followed by the word imine (and preceded by proper affixes). Substituents on the nitrogen atom are named as prefixes. Examples are... 

These contracted names of heterocyclic nitrogen compounds are retained as alternatives for systematic names, sometimes with indicated hydrogen. In addition, names of 0x0 derivatives of fully saturated nitrogen heterocycles that systematically end in -idinone are often contracted to end in -idone when no ambiguity might result. For example. 

---