Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide

Nicotine s Dependence Liability Effects of Chronic Tobacco Use Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide Diseases Linked to Cigarette Smoking Other Tobacco Products and Health Passive Smoking 

The Necessity of Formal Treatment Treatment Effectiveness Conclusions about the Treatment of Cigarette Smoking Summary 

In this cliaptcr and in C hapter 8 we review two more stimulant drugs nicotine and caffeine. We cover these two drugs apart from other stimulant drugs because nicotine and caffeine arc used so prominently in societies around the world. Use of other stimulant drugs lias a small fraction of the prevalence that use of nicotine or caffeine docs. 

This chapter is a review of nicotine and begins w ith some background information about its source and the ways that nicotine is consumed, followed by a history of tobacco use. We then discuss the prevalence of nicotine use and the mechanisms of its pharmacological action. We also review the acute and chronic effects of nicotine. The chapter concludes w ith a description of professional services available to help individuals stop smoking. 

Tobacco has many constituents, but nicotine is singled out as having the broadest and most immediate pharmacological action. Nicotine is extremely toxic—about as toxic as cyanide (Rose, 1991)—and only 60 milligrams arc needed to kill a human. When tobacco is burned, the smoke contains a small portion of nicotine, w hich the body metabolizes to a nontoxic substance. 

---

Burton HR, Dye NK, Bush LP (1992) Distribution of tobacco constituents in tobacco leaf tissue, 1, Tobacco-specific nitrosamines, nitrate, nitrite and alkaloids, J Agric Food Chem 40 1050-1055 Burton HR, Dye NK, Bush LP (1994) Relationship between tobacco-specific nitrosamines and nitrite from different air cured tobacco varieties, J Agric Food Chem 42 2007-2011 Calafat AM, Polzin GM, Saylor J, Richter P, Ashley DL, Watson CH (2004) Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes, Tob Control 13 45-51... 

National Cancer Institute (1996) The FTC cigarette test method for determining tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields of U.S. Cigarettes. Report of the NCI Expert Committee. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 7. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD... 

Smoking tobacco causes damage to endothelial cells due to free radicals present in tobacco smoke. It is estimated that each puff of a cigarette produces lO " free radicals. In addition, the resultant lack of oxygen causes damage or death to neurones, and nicotine and carbon monoxide, both present in tobacco smoke, cause an increase in blood pressure. 

Figure 3.3 shows an extract from report on Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide Yields of Cigarettes determined by the Laboratory of the Government Chemist for brands available during the period June to November 1994. 

Tobacco smoke contains more than 2000 compounds, of which, nicotine and carbon monoxide have received the greatest attention in the literature on effects of pre-... 

Federal Trade C ommission. (2001). Tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide of the smoke of 1294 varieties of domestic cijiarettes for the year 1998. Washington, DC Author. 

Bentrovato, B., A. Porter, M. Yonssef, and P.J. Dnnn Variations in tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide deliveries obtained by smokers of the same brands Proc. Smoke and Technology Gronps Mtg., Vienna, Anstria (1995) 151-165. 

Brunnemann, K.D., D. Hoffmann, E.L. Wynder, and G.B. Gori Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke. A comparison of international smoking conditions im Modifying the risk for the smoker. Proc. 3rd World Conf. on Smoking and Health, edited by E.L. Wynder, D. Hoffmann, and G.B. Gori, 1975, DHEW Publ. No. (NIH) 76-1221 (1976) 441-449. 

Kalaitzoglou, M. and C. Samara Yields of cadmium, tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide in mainstream smoke of Greek cigarettes A comparative study Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 18 (1999) 235-244. 

Sampson, C., E.L. Wynder, and D. Hoffmann Perforated filter-tip cigarettes Effect on tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide intake (Letter) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 241 (1979) 295. 

Yamamoto, T., S. Umemura, and H. Kaneko Effect of exogenous potassium on the reduction in tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide deliveries in the mainstream smoke of cigarettes Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 14 (1990) 379-385. 

---