Nicotinamide diabetes

Schatz DA and Bingley PJ (2001) Update on major trials for the prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus the American Diabetes Prevention Trial (DPT-1) and the European Nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT). Journal of Pediatrics Endocrinology and Metabolism 14(Suppl 1), 619-22. 

Rice bran is the richest natural source of B-complex vitamins. Considerable amounts of thiamin (Bl), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5) and pyridoxin (B6) are available in rice bran (Table 17.1). Thiamin (Bl) is central to carbohydrate metabolism and kreb s cycle function. Niacin (B3) also plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism for the synthesis of GTF (Glucose Tolerance Factor). As a pre-cursor to NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-oxidized form), it is an important metabolite concerned with intracellular energy production. It prevents the depletion of NAD in the pancreatic beta cells. It also promotes healthy cholesterol levels not only by decreasing LDL-C but also by improving HDL-C. It is the safest nutritional approach to normalizing cholesterol levels. Pyridoxine (B6) helps to regulate blood glucose levels, prevents peripheral neuropathy in diabetics and improves the immune function. 

Mnrngan, P. and Pari, L., Antioxidant effect of tetrahydroxyenrenmin streptozotocin-nicotinamide indneed diabetic rats. Life Set, 79, 1720, 2006. 

Prevention of vascular disease is one of the goals of a study in progress in Sweden, in which newly diagnosed diabetic children have been randomized in a doubleblind study where one group receives placebo and the other a preparation containing ascorbic acid, )3-carotene, nicotinamide, selenium and vitamin E (Ludvigsson, 1992). Future research with antioxidants may attempt to prevent the onset of pancreatic beta-cell destruction in the prediabetic phase of susceptible individuals. 

Nomikos, I.N., Prowse, S.J., Carotenuto, P. and Lafferty, K.J. (1986). Combined treatment with nicotinamide and desferri-oxamine prevents islet allograft destruction in NOD mice. Diabetes 35, 1302-1304. 

Schein, P.S., Cooney, D.A. and Veron, M.L. (1967). The use of nicotinamide to modify the toxicity of streptozotocin diabetes without loss of antitumour activity Cancer Res. 27, 2324-2332. 

Yamada, K., Nonaka, K., Hanafusa, T., Miyazaki, A., Toyoshima, H. and Tarui, S. (1982). Preventive and therapeutic effects of large-dose nicotinamide injections on diabetes associated with insulitis. Diabetes 31, 749-753. 

Palsamy P, Subramanian S. (2009) Modulatory effects of resveratrol on attenuating the key enzymes activities of carbohydrate metabolism in strep-tozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Chem Biol Interact 179 356-362. 

Palsamy P, Subramanian S. (2008) Resveratrol, a natural phytoalexin, normalizes hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced experimental diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother 62 598—605. 

Working at 3.0T with proton decoupling, Sevastianova et al. partially resolved the resonance of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) from that of a-NTP. ° NADPH was higher in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis than in healthy controls and correlated with disease severity. Solga et al. investigated the reliability of both and P MRS at 1.5 T in cohorts of obese diabetic subjects and healthy con-trols. ° Whereas hepatic fat could be reliably measured with relative ease, hepatic ATP proved difficult with obese subjects due to reduced P SNR. 

Elliott, R. B., and Chase, H. P. (1991). Prevention or delay of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in children using nicotinamide. Diabetologia 34, 362-365. 

Gale EA (1996b) Theory andpractice of nicotinamide trials in pre-type 1 diabetes./owrna/ of Pediatrics Endocrinology and Metabolism 9,375-9. 

Kolb H and Burkart V (1999) Nicotinamide in type 1 diabetes. Mechanism of action revisited. Diabetes Care 22(Suppl 2), B16-B20. 

Vidal J, Fernandez-Balsells M, Sesmilo G, Aguilera E, Casamitjana R, Gomis R, and Conget I (2000) Effects of nicotinamide and intravenous insulin therapy in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23,360. ... 

Anderson T, Schein PS, McMenamin MG, and Gooney DA. Streptozotocin diabetes. Correlation with extend of depression of pancreatic islet nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. J Clin invest 54 672-677,1974... 

Pyriminil toxicity occurs primarily because it inhibits NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity of complex I in mammalian mitochondria resulting in preferential toxicity to high-energy-demanding cells such as nerves and pancreatic jS-cells. However, pyriminil may also act as a nicotinamide antagonist and interfere with the synthesis of NADH/NADPH, furthering neural and jS-cell toxicity. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in nerves causes somatic, autonomic, and central nervous system neuropathies while inhibition in jS-cell causes an immediate, irreversible insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus condition. Pyriminil also acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor of rat acetylcholinesterase. 

Hypponen E (2004) Micronutrients and the risk of type 1 diabetes vitamin D, vitamin E, and nicotinamide. Nutr Rev, 62 340-347. 

B. Specific drugs and antidotes. Immediately administer nicotinamide (see p 475). Although its efficacy in humans is not proved, nicotinamide can prevent PNU-induced diabetes in rats. 

Larsen, M.O., Rolin, B., Wilken, M., Carr, R.D., Gotfredsen, C.F. Measurements of Insulin Secretory Capacity and Glucose Tolerance to Predict Pancreatic 3-Cell Mass In Vivo in the Nicotinamide/Streptozotocin Gottingen Minipig, a Model of Moderate Insulin Deficiency and Diabetes. Diabetes 52,118-123 (2003)... 

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