Nicolson

J. A. Ratcliff, Sun, Earth and Radio, Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1970. 

Errors are proportional to At for small At. When the trapezoid rule is used with the finite difference method for solving partial differential equations, it is called the Crank-Nicolson method. The implicit methods are stable for any step size but do require the solution of a set of nonlinear equations, which must be solved iteratively. The set of equations can be solved using the successive substitution method or Newton-Raphson method. See Ref. 36 for an application to dynamic distillation problems. 

Fig. 10-2. Threshold contrast in distinguishing an object from its surroundings. The eye responds to an increment in light intensity by increasing the number of signals (pulses) sent to the brain. The detection of threshold contrast involves the ability to discriminate between the target (1) and the brighter background (/ + A/). Source Gregory, R. L., Eye and Brain "The Psychology of Seeing." Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1977.

In 1972, S. J. Singer and G. L. Nicolson proposed the fluid mosaic model for membrane structure, which suggested that membranes are dynamic structures composed of proteins and phospholipids. In this model, the phospholipid bilayer is a fluid matrix, in essence, a two-dimensional solvent for proteins. Both lipids and proteins are capable of rotational and lateral movement. 

Singer and Nicolson also pointed out that proteins can be associated with the surface of this bilayer or embedded in the bilayer to varying degrees (Figure 9.6). They defined two classes of membrane proteins. The first, called peripheral proteins (or extrinsic proteins), includes those that do not penetrate the bilayer to any significant degree and are associated with the membrane by virtue... 

Singer, S. J., and Nicolson, G. L., 1972. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175 720-731. 

The six-point symmetric scheme with cr = 0.5 ascribed to Crank and Nicolson is of the form... 

Greuter W, McNeill J, Barrie FR, Burdet H-M, Demoulin V, Filgueiras TS, Nicolson DH, Silva PC, Skog JE, Trehane P, Turland NJ, Hawksworth DL. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (St. Louis Code), Vol. 138. Konigstein, Koeltz Scientific Books, 2000. 

The Crank-Nicolson method is popular as a time-step scheme for CFD problems, as it is stable and computationally less expensive than the implicit Euler scheme. 

This then provides a physical derivation of the finite-difference technique and shows how the solution to the differential equations can be propagated forward in time from a knowledge of the concentration profile at a series of mesh points. Algebraic derivations of the finite-difference equations can be found in most textbooks on numerical analysis. There are a variety of finite-difference approximations ranging from the fully explicit method (illustrated above) via Crank-Nicolson and other weighted implicit forward. schemes to the fully implicit backward method, which can be u.sed to solve the equations. The methods tend to increase in stability and accuracy in the order given. The difference scheme for the cylindrical geometry appropriate for a root is... 

I. J. Fidler, The generation of tumoricidal activity in macrophages for the treatment of established mestas-tases, in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Biologic and Therapeutic Aspects (G. L. Nicolson and L. Milas, eds.) Raven Press, New York, 1984, p. 421. 

Nicolson, W. Raimond Lully Doctor Illuminatissmus. Christian Spectator (1863) 334-343. 

Jackson, Robert. The alchemists. London Weidenfeld Nicolson, 1997. 40p. ISBN 0-297-82300-0... 

Thomas, Keith. Religion and the decline of magic studies in popular beliefs in sixteenth and seventeenth century England. London Weidenfeld Nicolson, 1971. 

Wittkower, Rudolf and Margot Wittkower. Bom under Saturn the character and conduct of artists a documented history from antiquity to the French Revolution. London New York Wiedenfeld Nicolson Random House, 1963. xxiv, 344 p. 

Richard Foster Jones, by M. Nicolson.—Essays, by R. F. Jones.—A bibliography of the published writings of Richard Foster Jones.—The invention of the ethical calculus, by L. 

Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. Science and imagination. Ithaca (NY) Cornell Univ P, 1956. 238p. 

Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. The breaking of the circle studies in the effect of the "New science" upon seventeenth-century poetry. Rev ed ed. New York Oxford Columbia Univ P OUP, 1960. 216p. 

Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. Newton demands the muse Newton s Opticks and the eighteenth century poets. Princeton (NJ) Princeton Univ P, 1946. 

Rowse, A.L. The case books of Simon Forman sex and society in Shakespeare s age. London Weidenfeld Nicolson, 1974. 

The first membrane model to be widely accepted was that proposed by Danielli and Davson in 1935 [528]. On the basis of the observation that proteins could be adsorbed to oil droplets obtained from mackerel eggs and other research, the two scientists at University College in London proposed the sandwich of lipids model (Fig. 7.2), where a bilayer is covered on both sides by a layer of protein. The model underwent revisions over the years, as more was learned from electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction studies. It was eventually replaced in the 1970s by the current model of the membrane, known as the fluid mosaic model, proposed by Singer and Nicolson [529,530]. In the new model (Fig. 7.3), the lipid bilayer was retained, but the proteins were proposed to be globular and to freely float within the lipid bilayer, some spanning the entire bilayer. 

Dover, G. (2000), Dear Mr Darwin, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 

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