Nickel collection

Several investigators reported the presence of nickel concentrations in rain. The annual mean nickel concentration in precipitation at Lewes, Delaware, was 0.79 pg/L (Barrie et al. 1987). The mean concentration ( standard deviation) of nickel collected from rain showers in southern Ontario, Canada, in 1982 was 0.56 0.07 pg/L (Chan et al. 1986). The mean concentrations in northern and central Ontario were both 0.61 pg/L, indicating a lack of spatial variability. Sudbury, the site of a large nickel smelter, is located in central Ontario. Nickel concentrations from rain samples collected at four sites in Sweden had a mean range of 0.017-0.51 pg/L (Hansson et al 1988). 

Van Loon J.C., Beamish F.E. Inclusion of osmium in assay method for six platinum metals by iron-copper-nickel collection. Analytical Chemistry 1965 37 113-116. 

Willert, H., Investigations of the Corrosion Resistance of a I3<7oCr Steel in Aqueous Salt Solutions , Neue Huette, 11 72 (1966) C.A., 65. 14954b Tousek, J., Passivity of Nickel , Collection Czech. Chem. Commun., 31, 3083 (1966) C.A.,... 

Sodium bismuthate (oxidation of manganese) heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible, and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried. Add 2 parts of sodium peroxide, and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass on an iron plate to cool. When cold break up in a mortar, extract with water, and collect on an asbestos filter. 

In atomization, a stream of molten metal is stmck with air or water jets. The particles formed are collected, sieved, and aimealed. This is the most common commercial method in use for all powders. Reduction of iron oxides or other compounds in soHd or gaseous media gives sponge iron or hydrogen-reduced mill scale. Decomposition of Hquid or gaseous metal carbonyls (qv) (iron or nickel) yields a fine powder (see Nickel and nickel alloys). Electrolytic deposition from molten salts or solutions either gives powder direcdy, or an adherent mass that has to be mechanically comminuted. 

Like the refining of the PGMs, the analysis is compHcated by the chemical similarity of the metals. The techniques used depend on the elements present and their concentration in the sample. For some low grade samples, analysis is preceded by a concentration stage using fire assay with collection into a lead or nickel sulfide button. The individual metals can then be determined. 

Receptor models are powerful tools for source apportionment of particulates because a vast amount of particulate species characterization data have been collected at many sampling sites worldwide, and because many aerosol species are primary pollutants. Most of the information available is for elemental concentrations, eg, lead, nickel, and alurninum, although more recent measurements have provided data on concentrations of ionic species and carbonaceous compounds. At a sampling (or receptor) site, the aerosol mass concentration of each species i is... 

To reduce or eliminate the scattering of cadmium in the environment, the disposal of nickel —cadmium batteries is under study. Already a large share of industrial batteries are being reclaimed for the value of their materials. Voluntary battery collection and reclaiming efforts are under way in both Europe and Japan. However the collection of small batteries is not without difficulties. Consideration is being given to deposit approaches to motivate battery returns for collection and reclamation. 

The precipitated copper from this reaction is an important constituent of the slime that collects at the bottom of the electrolytic cells. The accumulation of copper as well as of impurities such as nickel, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth is controlled by periodic bleed-off and treatment in the electrolyte purification section. 

In the presence of 6-iodo-l-phenyl-l-hexyne, the current increases in the cathodic (negative potential going) direction because the hexyne catalyticaHy regenerates the nickel(II) complex. The absence of the nickel(I) complex precludes an anodic wave upon reversal of the sweep direction there is nothing to reduce. If the catalytic process were slow enough it would be possible to recover the anodic wave by increasing the sweep rate to a value so fast that the reduced species (the nickel(I) complex) would be reoxidized before it could react with the hexyne. A quantitative treatment of the data, collected at several sweep rates, could then be used to calculate the rate constant for the catalytic reaction at the electrode surface. Such rate constants may be substantially different from those measured in the bulk of the solution. The chemical and electrochemical reactions involved are... 

In a permeation experiment, an HERO module with a membrane area of 200 m is used to remove a nickel salt from an electroplating wastewater. TTie feed to the module has a flowrate of 5 x IQ— m /s, a nickel-salt composition of 4,(X)0 ppm and an osmotic pressure of 2.5 atm. The average pressure difference across the membrane is 28 atm. The permeate is collected at atmospheric pressure. The results of the experiment indicate that the water recovery is 80% while the solute rejection is 95%. Evaluate the transport parameters Ay and (D2u/KS). 

Sodium metal is produced commercially on the kilotonne scale by the electrolysis of a fused eutectic mixture of 40% NaCl, 60% CaCh at 580°C in a Downs cell (introduced by du Pont, Niagara Falls, 1921). Metallic Na and Ca are liberated at the cylindrical steel cathode and rise through a cooled collecting pipe which allows the calcium to solidify and fall back into the melt. Chlorine liberated at the central graphite anode is collected in a nickel dome and subsequently purified. Potassium cannot be produced in this way because it is too soluble in the molten chloride to float on top of the cell for collection and because it vaporizes readily... 

The procedure involved in the determination of these anions is virtually that discussed in Section 10.58 for the indirect determination of silver. The anion to be determined is precipitated as the silver salt the precipitate is collected and dissolved in a solution of potassium tetracyanonickelate(II) in the presence of an ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer. Nickel ions are liberated and titrated with standard EDTA solution using murexide as indicator ... 

The other example, called the nickel/ zinc battery [(-Zn)/KOH/NiOOH(+)], has attracted more attention in two different versions from the "application" and "cell design" viewpoints one is the small cylindrical consumer cell [30], the other one is the flat-plate module for electrotraction [31], A very interesting review with an extended collection of references was pub-... 

Oceans occupy 70.8% or 125 million square miles of the surface of the earth. Within or beneath this inner space are foods, fuels, and minerals. Thus interest in the sea is obvious. At least 4/5 of all life on earth exists in saltwater. It is predicted that of the oil and gas demand in future years will come from oil at 2,000 ft. depths operated by manned submarines and marine robots. All the equipment needed to collect and store oil or gas will be installed and operated on the sea floor. Underwater housing and decompression chambers will be required. The sea bottom is also reported to include trillions of tons of copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, and other important minerals. 

However, the experimental evidence collected during recent years, concerning mostly the nickel-copper alloy systems, complicated this almost currently accepted interpretation of the alloy catalytic behavior (45). Chemisorptive and subsequent catalytic phenomena appeared to require a different approach for elucidation. The surface reactivity had to be treated as a localized quality of the atoms at the interface, influenced by their neighbors in the crystal lattice (78-80). A detailed general discussion of catalysis on alloys is beyond the scope of this review. In the monograph by Anderson (81) and in the review by Moss and Whalley (82), recently published, a broad survey of the catalytic reactivity of alloys may be found. 

The range of measures applicable to control are summarized in Chapter 17. Recycling and recovery are potentially attractive measures hence solvents, mineral oils, metals, e.g. lead, copper, nickel, mercury, and glass are commonly recycled. However, recycling options generally depend upon favourable economics, particularly low collection costs. 

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