Nickel acid rain

Neutron-to-proton ratio, 29-30 Newton, 457,635 Newton, Isaac, 136 Nickel hydroxide, 78 Nicotinic acid, 364-365 NIMBY syndrome, 526 Nitric acid acid rain and, 400 acid strength of, 567 commercial use, 76 copper penny dissolving in, 570 production, 570-571... 

Sediment nickel concentrations are grossly elevated near the nickel-copper smelter at Sudbury, Ontario, and downstream from steel manufacturing plants. Sediments from nickel-contaminated sites have between 20 and 5000 mg Ni/kg DW these values are at least 100 times lower at comparable uncontaminated sites (Chau and Kulikovsky-Cordeiro 1995). A decrease in the pH of water caused by acid rain may release some of the nickel in sediments to the water column (NRCC 1981). Transfer of nickel from water column to sediments is greatest when sediment particle size is comparatively small and sediments contain high concentrations of clays or organics (Bubb and Lester 1996). 

Babich, H. and G. Stotzky. 1982a. Nickel toxicity to microbes effect of pH and implications for acid rain. Environ. Res. 29 335-350. 

Acidic soils are highly corrosive. Sulfur is a corrosive agent in automalive fuels and in the atmosphere (SO ) as well, and is frequently mentioned in connection with so-called acid rains. Sodium chloride in the air at locations near Ihe sea is strongly corrosive, especially at temperatures above 70 F (21.1 C). Copper, nickel, chromium, and zinc are among the more corrosion-resistant metals and are widely used as protective coatings for other metals. 

N and ppm levels of various metals such as vanadium and nickel). These elements are harmful to the environment, as upon combustion they produce SOx and NOx gases (responsible for acid rain), and to the chemical industry, as these molecules can poison the catalysts needed for the subsequent cracking and reforming operations (see Box 2, and Chapter 1, Section 1.2.1). 

In many industrial areas, emissions of gaseous oxides of sulfur (SOx), especially sulfur dioxide (S02), also rival natural sulfur gas emissions from volcanoes, wetlands, and oceans. SOx are produced from the oxidation of sulfur in fuels, especially coals and residual oils, and are responsible in large part for acid rain (Section 4.6.3). In fuels, sulfur typically occurs either in organic compounds (organic S) or as pyrite (FeS2). SOx also are formed from the refining of the ores of the many metals that occur in the form of metal sulfides [e.g., copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni)]. 

In some upland areas, the combination of high rainfall and acid rain have removed Ca and Mg from soils and lowered the pH to below 4. Under these conditions, aluminium accounts for over 70 % of the exchangeable cations and calcium for only a few percent [10.1]. Such conditions increase the mobility of many heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, manganese and nickel. Soluble aluminium is toxic to many plants (e.g. perennial ryegrass, clover, fine fescues and other acid-intol-... 

For more than a century, a number of different aluminum alloys have been commonly used in the aircraft industry These substrates mainly contain several alloying elements, such as copper, chromium, iron, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, manganese, silicon, titanium and zinc. It is known that these metals and alloys can be dissolved as oxides or other compounds in an aqueous medium due to the chemical or electrochemical reactions between their metal surfaces and the environment (solution). The rate of the dissolution from anode to cathode phases at the metal surfaces can be influenced by the electrical conductivity of electrolytic solutions. Thus, anodic and cathodic electron transfer reactions readily exist with bulk electrolytes in water and, hence, produce corrosive products and ions. It is known that pure water has poor electrical conductivity, which in turn lowers the corrosion rate of materials however, natural environmental solutions (e g. sea water, acid rains, emissions or pollutants, chemical products and industrial waste) are highly corrosive and the environment s temperature, humidity, UV light and pressure continuously vary depending on time and the type of process involved. ... 

Some solids are only weakly soluble in water but dissolve readily in acidic solutions. Copper and nickel sulfides from ores, for example, can be brought into solution with strong acids, a fact that aids greatly in the separation and recovery of these valuable metals in their elemental forms. The effect of pH on solubility is shown dramatically in the damage done to buildings and monuments by acid precipitation (Fig. 16.8). Both marble and limestone are made up of small crystals of calcite (CaCOs), which dissolves to only a limited extent in natural rain (with a pH of about 5.6) but dissolves much more extensively as the rainwater becomes more acidic. The reaction... 

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