Oxides neutral

The conversion of primary alcohols and aldehydes into carboxylic acids is generally possible with all strong oxidants. Silver(II) oxide in THF/water is particularly useful as a neutral oxidant (E.J. Corey, 1968 A). The direct conversion of primary alcohols into carboxylic esters is achieved with MnOj in the presence of hydrogen cyanide and alcohols (E.J. Corey, 1968 A,D). The remarkably smooth oxidation of ethers to esters by ruthenium tetroxide has been employed quite often (D.G. Lee, 1973). Dibutyl ether affords butyl butanoate, and tetra-hydrofuran yields butyrolactone almost quantitatively. More complex educts also give acceptable yields (M.E. Wolff, 1963). 

Sulfonyloxazindines as aprollc neutral oxidizing reagents oxidainn of amines, sulfides, selenides and asymmetric oxidation. 

Technology Description In-situ chemical treatment uses the same principles employed for above-ground chemical processes. Materials are added to neutralize, oxidize or remove contaminants in groundwater or soils in order to avoid digging or pumping of the contaminated waste above ground for... 

The last definition has widespread use in the volumetric analysis of solutions. If a fixed amount of reagent is present in a solution, it can be diluted to any desired normality by application of the general dilution formula V,N, = V N. Here, subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the initial solution and the final (diluted) solution, respectively V denotes the solution volume (in milliliters) and N the solution normality. The product VjN, expresses the amount of the reagent in gram-milliequivalents present in a volume V, ml of a solution of normality N,. Numerically, it represents the volume of a one normal (IN) solution chemically equivalent to the original solution of volume V, and of normality N,. The same equation V N, = V N is also applicable in a different context, in problems involving acid-base neutralization, oxidation-reduction, precipitation, or other types of titration reactions. The justification for this formula relies on the fact that substances always react in titrations, in chemically equivalent amounts. 

Acid-base, hydrolysis, hydration, neutralization, oxidation-reduction, polymerization, thermal degradation Adsorption-desorption, precipitation-dissolution, immiscible-phase separation, biodegradation, complexation Acid-base, neutralization, oxidation-reduction (most inorganic and some biologically mediated), adsorption-desorption, precipitation-dissolution, complexation Hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction (biodegradation of anthropogenic inorganics), immiscible-phase separation... 

Chemically, nonmetals are usually the opposite of metals. The nonmetallic nature will increase towards the top of any column and toward the right in any row on the periodic table. Most nonmetal oxides are acid anhydrides. When added to water, they will form acids. A few nonmetals oxides, most notably CO and NO, do not react. Nonmetal oxides that do not react are neutral oxides. The reaction of a nonmetal oxide with water is not an oxidation-reduction reaction. The acid that forms will have the nonmetal in the same oxidation state as in the reacting oxide. The main exception to this is N02, which undergoes an oxidation-reduction (disproportionation) reaction to produce HN03 and NO. When a nonmetal can form more than one oxide, the higher the oxidation number of the nonmetal, the stronger the acid it forms. 

Neutral Oxides and Sulfides of Carbon, Vapor Phase Photochemistry of the... 

In this section, neutral oxide or endmember species are used as components. If ionic species are used as diffusion components, which as often the case for aqueous solutions, then one must also consider electroneutrality. 

Sulfonyloxazirfdines are useful aprotic and neutral oxidizing reagents which, in general, afford greater selectivity for oxidations than do peracids. 2-Sulfonyloxaziridines have been employed in the oxidation of... 

This discussion should not be seen as explaining the acid/base character of oxides, i.e. their solubilities in water at various pH values. We are emphasising the close relationship between the acid/base behaviour of oxides and the nature of aqueous species. The dissolution of an oxide (other than a neutral oxide) in water, or in acids/alkalies, is an acid-base process, a chemical reaction rather than a mere separation of ions. The relative acid/base strengths of oxides are further discussed in Section 9.2. 

Potentiometric titration can determine the end point more accurately than the color indicators. Thus, the quantitative consumption of a titrant in an acid-base neutralization, oxidation-reduction reaction, or complex formation reaction can be determined precisely and very accurately by potentiometric titration. The titration involves the addition of large increments of the titrant to a measured volume of the sample at the initial phase and, thereafter, adding smaller and smaller increments as the end point approaches. The cell potential is recorded... 

Neutral Oxides—Peroxides—Action of Nitric Acid on Metals on Oxidisable Substances —Complexity of Oxides—Spinels and Similar Compounds. 

The properties of all chemical compounds show gradation and there is a slow transition from basic oxides and hydroxides, like those which we have been considering in the last chapter, to acid oxides and hydroxides. The transition takes place along two paths first, there are some oxides which are neither basic nor acid and second, a number of oxides exist which are either basic or acid, according to circumstances. We shall consider first the neutral oxides. 

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