Neurotransmitters memory function

Neurotransmitter and biogenic amine derived from the amino acid histidine synthesized in hypothalamic tuber-omamillary neurons (TMN) to maintain wakefulness, feeding rhythms, energy balance, neuroendocrine autonomic control, and memory functions prominent immu-nomodulator and proinflammatory signal released from mast cells in response to allergic reactions or tissue damage. 

Temporal lobe brain structures, in particular the hippocampal formation, appear to play a pivotal yet transient role in the formation of new explicit memories. This chapter focuses on possible neurochemical mechanisms underlying the encoding of new information in the hippocampus and the modulation of memory function by different neurotransmitter systems in the brain. 

Another important finding is that many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by aberrant protein phosphorylation and ubiquitination (Thomas et al., 2009). Thus, disruption of the phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors and hyperphosphorylation of t-protein has been implicated in impaired memory function in AD. Similarly, AD also involves aberrant accumulation of proteins that are normally degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It is suggested that phosphorylation and ubiquitination of proteins can serve biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases (Thomas et al., 2009). 

Acetylcholine (Ach) is an ester of acetic acid and choline with the chemical formula CH3COOCH2CH2N+ (CH3)3. ACh functions as a chemical transmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in a wide range of organisms, humans included. Neurotransmitter involved in behavioral state control, postural tone, cognition and memory, and autonomous parasympathetic (and preganglionic sympathetic) nervous system. 

NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN MEMORY PROCESSING AND APPROPRIATE SYNAPTIC FUNCTION... 

In the vertebrate CNS monoamines have been associated with a number of physiological functions (reviewed in Kandel et al., 1991). Serotonin has functions associated with mood, pain, sleep, learning, and memory. Dopamine has functions associated with schizophrenia, Parkinson s disease, and cocaine addiction. In vertebrates, dopamine is further metabolized into two additional neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Norepinephrine increases the excitability of cells in response to sudden sensory input such as fear. Epinephrine has been identified in specific neurons of the brain, but the function of these cells is unknown. In addition, AADC has also been found in a class of neurons that do not have any of the four neurotransmitters discussed above (Jaeger et al., 1983). These neurons may use one of the trace amines, tyramine, tryptamine, or phenylethylamine, as a neurotransmitter. 

Cannabinoid CBj Human cDNA Motor function, memory, analgesia, convulsion, Parkinson s disease, emesis, glaucoma, pain, cancer Modulation of neurotransmitter release, sleep disturbance, weight loss, antiemetic activity locomotor disfunction, bronchodilatation, neuroprotection, memory loss... 

In the human CNS, glutamate is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter. Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the human CNS. Thus, these two amino acids, basic constituents of proteins, also function in other very important ways in behavior, emotion, learning, memory, and sensory perception. Nature uses its molecular constructs for more than one purpose. Among other neurotransmitters, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are derivatives of protein amino acids and are synthesized from them. 

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