Neurotoxins anatoxin

Chemistry of Cyanobacteria Neurotoxins—Anatoxin-a Synthetic Approaches 121... 

Chemistry of Cyanobacterial Neurotoxins—Anatoxin-a Synthetic Approaches 123... 

Park, H., Watanabe, M., Harada, K., Nagai, H., Suzuki, M., Watanabe, M.E, andHayashi, H. 1993. Hepatotoxin(microcystin) and neurotoxin (anatoxin-a) contained in natural blooms and strains of cyanobacteria from Japanese freshwaters. Nat... 

On closer examination, microcystins have been reported to cause hepatotoxic effects in fanned catfish (Zimba et al., 2001) and farmed sahnon (Andersen et al., 1993). Microcystins also produce pathological effects in tilapia (Preito et al., 2006), silver carp (Li et al., 2007), common carp (Fischer and Dietrich, 2000), and loach (Liu et al., 2002). The neurotoxin anatoxin-a, is produced by several genera of cyanobacteria and it has been reported to cause mortalities in juvenile common carp under experimental conditions (Oswald et al., 2006). Exposure to 0.768 pg/g dry weight of freeze-dried Anabaena spp. caused mortalities with 28 h. 

Cyanobacterial Neurotoxins, Anatoxin-A and Analogues Detection and Analysis... 

Microcystis, Nostoc, and Oscillatoria (Planktothrix). Cyanobacteria toxins (cyanotoxins) include cytotoxins and biotoxins (neurotoxins anatoxin-a, anatoxin-a(s) and saxitoxins, and the hepatotoxins microcystins MCs, and nodularins), with biotoxins being responsible for acute lethal, acute chronic, and subchronic poisonings of wild/domestic animals and humans. In most of the reported cases, afflicted animals consumed water from water bodies where there was an obvious presence of cyano-bacterial scum on the water surface. More recent measurements of cyanobacterial toxins using sensitive modem analytical methods have often revealed high frequencies of toxic blooms even when animal poisonings have not been reported. 

Rotifers are part of freshwater zooplankton. Their metabolism is unresearched. It is unknown if they produce alkaloids. However, some planktonic rotifers are known to digest toxic cyanobacterium, producing the alkaloid neurotoxin, anatoxin which inhibits their development. ... 

In this manuscript, some neurotoxins are reviewed. The beginning era of marine natural products focused on toxins. As a result, cyanobacteria are known to produce saxitoxin, which is a well known shellfish and dinoflagel-late neurotoxin. Anatoxin a(s) is another cyanobacterial neurotoxin. Harmful algal bloom is still an important issue in terms of public health and marine environment. In fact, several new toxins have been discovered from dinoflag-ellates. Neurotoxins, which are reviewed in this manuscript, might be a public health problem in the future. 

James KJ, Sherlock IR (1996) Determination of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin, anatoxin-a, by derivatisation using 7-fluoro-4-nitro-2,l,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) and HPLC analysis with fluorimetric detection. Biomed Chromatogr 10 46-47. doi 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0801(199601)10 l<46 AID-BMC551>3.0.CO 2-7 [pii]... 

Sieroslawska A, Rymuszka A (2010) Evaluation of genotoxic potential of neurotoxin anatoxin-a with the use of umuC test. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 31(Suppl 2) 16-20. doi NEL31S210A04 [pii]... 

---