Neuroendocrine axis

Prevot V, Bouret S, Croix D, Takumi T, Jennes L, Mitchell V, Beauvillain JC (2000) Evidence that members of the TGF/f superfamily play a role in regulation of the GnRH neuroendocrine axis Expression of a type I serine-threonine kinase receptor for TGR/9 and activin in GnRH neurones and hypothalamic areas of the female rat. J Neuroendocrinol 12 677-670... 

Treatment-related altered serum th5Toid hormone levels indicate that chlorine dioxide and chlorite may exert toxic effects that are mediated through the neuroendocrine axis. Changes in thyroid hormones have been reported in laboratory animals that were either directly exposed to chlorine dioxide (repeated doses as low as 9 mg/kg/day), or exposed to chlorine dioxide or chlorite via their mothers (maternal doses of chlorine dioxide and chlorite as low as 13 and 9 mg/kg/day, respectively) during pre- and postpartum development (Bercz et al. 1982 Carlton and Smith 1985 Carlton et al. 1987, 1991 Mobley et al. 1990 Orme et al. 1985). 

Adrenal glucocorticoid and androgen production is controlled predominantly by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, whereas the production of aldosterone by the zona glomerulosa is predominantly regulated by the renin-angiotensin system and potassium concentration. The hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal form a neuroendocrine axis whose primary function is to regulate the production of both cortisol and some of the adrenal steroids (Figure 61.4). 

Further information regarding endocrine effects of DEHP can be found in the following Sections 3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects, 3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects, 3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity, and 3.6 Toxicities Mediated Through the Neuroendocrine Axis. 

An interesting feature which the neuroendocrine axis of vertebrates and insects has in common is the interaction of stimulatory and inhibitory neurohormonal directives to the respective glands of the endocrine system. Their existence has been demonstrated by a combination of structural and experimental studies. 

Figure 5 -5 Positive and negative factors that affect the HPA axis. Note positive effects of the cytokines on HPA that link an activation of the immune system to the neuroendocrine axis. ACH, Acetylcholine ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone ...

Regulation of Testicular Steroidogenesis Leydig-Neuroendocrine Axis... 

C/5-isomers preferentially accumulate in tissnes, and all dietary carotenoids that are present in human seram may be accnmnlated in prostate. Lycopene and other major carotenoids have been shown to be present in higher concentrations in malignant prostate tissue relative to normal prostate tissue, although no apparent difference in the lycopene isomer ratio existed between benign and malignant tissnes S -trans lycopene 12 to 21% and cis isomers 79 to 88% of total lycopene). A hypothesis to explain this is that since the metabolism of the prostate is regulated by the neuroendocrine axis and uptake of... 

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