Neuro-psychiatric disorders

Keywords Cognitive impairment Delirium Dementia Depression Anxiety Psychotic disease Neuro-psychiatric disorders... 

EBM (3), inappropriate drugs (4), correct dose (2), food interactions (8), personalised medicine (10), renal elimination (2), common conditions (5), neuro-psychiatric disorders (6)... 

Neuro-Psychiatric Disorder Institute The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology... 

Lloyd K G., DeMontis G., Broekkamp C L, Thuret F, and Worms P (1983) Neurochemical and Neuropharmacological Indications for the Involvements of GABA and Glycine Receptors m Neuro-psychiatric Disorders, in CNS Receptors—From Molecular Pharmacology to Behavior (Mandel P, and DeFeudis F V., eds.). Raven Press, new York, pp. 137-148... 

Neuro-psychiatric disorders have become increasingly of interest as they are more diagnosed, rightly or wrongly, such as depression, attention deficit disorder, fibromyalgia, and restless leg syndrome. 

Enveloping, emollient, restorative, toning, nourishing for debilitated patients, an expectorant, wound healing, increases the potency, emollient, expectorant, abortifacient, an aphrodisiac. Epilepsy, neuro-psychiatric disorders, toothache, abscesses, neuroses, dysentery, infertility, gastritis, enteritis, enterocolitis... 

Information processing in the human brain via neuro-chemically defined neuronal systems is complex. Therefore, it remains a challenge to conceptualize psychiatric disorders and their treatment in a reductionistic framework of chemical neuroanatomy. We can nonetheless broadly state that the anatomic organization of neurotransmitter systems determines their behavioral affiliation, and that receptors modulate the electrical or biochemical properties of neurons, with direct relevance to the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs. Future research will provide more detailed information on the subtypes of neurons and specific neurotransmitters systems that are abnormal in psychiatric disorders, and provide a more rational approach to the development of new treatment interventions. 

Vaswani M, Linda F, Ramesh S, etal. (2003) Role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in psychiatric disorders A comprehensive review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 27(1) 85-102. 

M. Kubera and M. Maes, Serotonin-immune interactions in major depression, in P. Patterson, C. Kordon and Y. Christen (eds), Neuro-Immune Interactions in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders (Berlin Springer, 2000), pp.79-87 J. Gordon and N. M. Barnes, Lymphocytes transport serotonin and dopamine agony or ecstasy , Trends in Immunology, 24, 2003, 438-43. 

Perry, N. and Perry, E. 2006. Aromatherapy in the management of psychiatric disorders Clinical and neuro-pharmacological perspectives. 20(4) 257-280. 

In clinical psychiatric terms, the affective disorders can be subdivided into unipolar and bipolar disorders. Unipolar depression is also known as psychotic depression, endogenous depression, idiopathic depression and major depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder is now recognised as being heterogeneous bipolar disorder I is equivalent to classical manic depressive psychosis, or manic depression, while bipolar disorder II is depression with hypomania (Dean, 2002). Unipolar mania is where periods of mania alternate with periods of more normal moods. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) refers to depression with its onset most commonly in winter, followed by a gradual remission in spring. Some milder forms of severe depression, often those with an identifiable cause, may be referred to as reactive or neurotic depression. Secondary depression is associated with other illnesses, such as neuro-degenerative or cardiovascular diseases, and is relatively common. 

Our metabolism consists of a huge number of biochemical processes which are generally in a state of dynamic equilibrium called homeostasis. Whenever stressors in the form of extrinsic or intrinsic forces are applied, the state of homeostasis is challenged, and the stress system in our body is activated. Normal stress is essential for maintenance of mental and physical health. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the main constituent of the stress system because it serves as a key junction for neuro, immuno and endocrine (hormonal) systems [7]. Acute or chronic stress causes dysregulation of the stress system. This situation leads to various pathophysiologic states that include psychiatric, endocrine/metabolic, and immunologic disorders. 

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