Neuraminidase, use

The levels of neuraminidase activity in skin fibroblasts from controls and cases of cystic fibrosis have been compared. Re-examination of the cultured jS-D-galactosidase-deficient fibroblasts from a case of Gmi gangliosidosis revealed a severe deficiency in neuraminidase activity using neuraminlactose, fetuin, and the 2-(3-methoxyphenyl) glycoside of A -acetylneuraminic acid as substrates, but normal neuraminidase using Gm, ganglioside as a substrate. 

Kendal, A. P., and Madeley, C. R., 1969, A comparative study of influenza virus neuraminidases, using automated techniques, B/oc/i/m. Biophys. Acta 185 163-177. 

Two neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir) are approved for prevention and treatment of infections with both influenza A and B viruses as discussed in chapter by Itzstein and Thomson, this volume. Oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) has gained most use because it can be taken orally, whereas the current formulation of zanamivir has to be inhaled. In addition, the WHO reconunends oseltamivir for treatment of clinically confirmed cases of H5N1 and for post-exposme prophylaxis to control recent H5N1 avian influenza outbreaks. 

The influenza virus possesses a neuraminidase that plays a key role in elution of newly synthesized progeny from infected cells. If this process is inhibited, spread of the vims is markedly diminished. Inhibitors of this enzyme are now available for use in treating patients with influenza. 

Viruses don t have a reproductive system of their own and need to take over healthy cells by puncturing them with tiny spikes called hemagglutinin so that they can use the cells reproductive mechanism to make more viruses. These viral spikes are coated with an enzyme called neuraminidase, which helps to break down cellular walls. Flavonoids that occur in elderberries inhibit viral action and thereby improve immune response. It is thought that the flavoniods may also inhibit the action of neuraminidase. 

Gitman, A.G., Kahane, L., and Loyter, A. (1985a) Use of virus-attached antibndies or insulin molecules to mediate fusion between Sendai virus envelopes and neuraminidase-treated cells. Biochemistry 24, 2762-2768. 

Thomas et al. [90] investigated the reaction catalyzed by neuraminidase from influenza virus. QM/MM calculations were performed using AMI in the QM part and treating the MM region with either the CHARMM22 [97] or OPLS-AA force fields [98]. 

Exoglycosidases that are useful in carbohydrate degradations include neuraminidases, fucosidases, galactosidases, mannosidases, and aminohexosidases.76,77 An example of the use of degradation by a gly-cosidase in conjunction with methylation analysis is a study on the oc-... 

Immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes (IRTV) are spherical 150-nm sized particles consisting of a phospholipid bilayer in which influenza virus A/Singapore strain-derived hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are intercalated. As such, they resemble and mimic the influenza virus envelope. The difference from conventional liposome formulations lies in the inclusion of the viral envelope proteins HA and NA as well as viral phospholipids. Especially, the inclusion of influenza virus HA provides IRIV with delivery and immimogenic capacities. IRTV are licensed for human use as adjuvant in hepatitis A vaccination and as influenza subunit vaccine (1). 

Simple imine formation was used in the formation of large DCLs directed toward inhibition of the enzyme neuraminidase by Eliseev and coworkers [11]. Neuraminidase is involved in the propagation of the influenza virus... 

Therapeutic measures. First attempts of a causal treatment consist of zanamavir, an inhibitor of viral neuraminidase, an enzyme necessary for virus adsorption and infection of cells. However, since symptoms of common cold abate spontaneously, there is no compelling need to use drugs. Conventional remedies are intended for symptomatic relief. 

Zaleplon (Sonata) [C IV] [Sedotive/Hypnotic] Uses Insomnia Action A nonbenzodiazepine sedative/hypnotic, a pyrazolopyrimidine Dose 5-20 mg hs PRN -1- w/ renal/hepatic insuff, elderly Caution [C, /-] w/ mental/ psychological conditions Contra Component allergy Disp Caps SE HA, edema, amnesia, somnolence, photosens Interactions t CNS depression W/ CNS d es-sants, imipramine, thioridazine, EtOH X effects W/ carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin EMS Concurrent EtOH can t adverse CNS effects OD May cause profound CNS depression symptomatic and supportive Zanamivir (Relenza) [Antiviral/Neuramidase Inhibitor] Uses Influenza A (including HlNl swine flu) B Action X Viral neuraminidase Dose Adults Feds > 7 y.2 inhal (10 mg) bid for 5 d initiate w/in 48 h of Sxs Caution [C, M] Contra Pulm Dz Disp Powder for inhal SE Bron-chospasm, HA, GI upset EMS Does not reduce risk of transmitting virus monitor for bronchospasm or other severe resp events OD May cause resp problems s5rmptomatic and supportive... 

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