Neural interface

Finally, it is possible to generate the three-dimensional shapes of the microdevices. For this, the devices are bent to their desired position and tempered at 300°C for 2 hours. The devices maintain their three-dimensional shapes. Typical shapes of neural interfaces comprise gutters (Fig. 15), cuffs (Fig. 16), or helically rolled interconnections to attain a better longitudinal elasticity (Fig. 17). 

We have developed basic structures of a light-weighted microsystem in the framework of the European INTER-project (Intelligent Neural Interface,... 

Dario P, Cocco M, Soldani G, Valderrama E, Cabruja E, Meyer J-U, Giesler T, Beutel H, Scheithauer H, Alavi M, Burker V (1994) Technology and Fabrication of Hybrid Neural Interfaces for the Peripheral Nervous System. In Reichl H and Heuberger A. (eds) Microsystem Technology, p 417... 

Wilks SJ et al (2009) Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as a micro-neural interface material for electrostimulation. Front Neuroeng 2 7... 

The Neural Prosthesis Program, launched in 1972 and spearheaded by F. Terry Hambrecht, MD, brought funding, focus, and coordination to the multidisciplinary effort to develop technologies to restore motor function in paralyzed individuals. The initial efforts were in electrode-tissue interaction, biomaterials and neural interface development, cochlear and visual prosthesis development and control of motor function using implanted and nonimplanted electrodes. 

Conductive polymers (CPs) are an emerging teehnology in the field of biomaterials. While CPs retain a predominantly investigative role in the field of medical implants, they have shown potential across a wide range of applications, including neural interfaces, biosensors, nerve grafts, and drug-delivery devices. 

R.A. Green, N.H. Lovell, G.G. Wallace, and L.A. Poole-Warren, Conducting polymers for neural interfaces Challenges in developing an effective long-term implant. Biomaterials, 29,... 

R.A. Green, Ph.D. Thesis, Conducting polymers for neural interfaces Impact of physicochemical properties on biological performance. Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (2009). 

R.A. Green, L.A. Poole-Warren, and N.H. Lovell. Novel neural interface for vision prosthesis electrodes Improving electrical and mechanical properties through layering. In Proceedings of the 3rd International IEEE EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, Kohala Coast, Hawaii, USA (2007). 

X. Liu, Z. Yue, M.J. Higgins, G.G. Wallace, Conducting polymers with immobilised fibrillar collagen for enhanced neural interfacing, Biomaterials 32 (2011) 7309-7317. 

Square, Unknown 30x30 pm 10-20 pm of Probimide 7520 250 A of chrome and 200 nm of gold Intracortical neural interface [34]... 

Hsu JM, Rieth L, Normann RA, Tathireddy P, Solzbacher F. Encapsulation of an integrated neural interface device with parylene c. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009 56(l) 23-9. 

Ware T et al (2012) Three-dimensional flexible electronics enabled by shape memory polymer substrates for responsive neural interfaces. Macromol Mater Eng 297... 

Stieghtz, T. Beutel, H. Schiittler, M. Meyer, J.-U. Micromachined, Polyimide-based Devices for Flexible Neural Interfaces. Biomedical Microdevices 2 (4) (2000), pp. 283-294... 

Johnson MD, Otto KJ, Williams JC, Kipke DR (2004) Bias voltage at microelectrodes change neural interface properties in vivo. In Proceedings of 26th annual international conference TERR EMBS(September 2004) San Francisco, CA... 

One of the most successful commercially available implantable microelectrode arrays is the deep-brain stimulator. Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) uses chronically implanted electrodes to treat neurological conditions such as movement disorders. Electrodes deliver high-frequency electrical stimulation to targeted regions of the brain to treat symptoms of Parkinson s disease. Implantable visual prostheses promise to restore vision by providing stimulation at the retina, optic nerve, or visual cortex. Cochlear implants include an electrode array implanted in the inner ear to stimulate the auditory nerve. Other commercially available implantable neural interfaces include neurostimulation systems for treatment of chronic pain or urinary control. 

Cheung KC (2007) Implantable microscale neural interfaces. Biomedical Microdevices 9 923-938. 

Campbell PK, Jones KE, Huber RJ (1991) A silicon-based, three-dimensional neural interface Manufacturing processes for an intracortical electrode array. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 38 758-768. 

Kovacs GTA (1994) Introduction to the Theory, Design, and Modeling of Thin-Film Microelectrodes for Neural Interfaces. In Enabling Technologies for Cultured Neural Networks, DA. Stenger and TM. McKenna, Eds, pp. 121-165, Academic Press. 

Nguyen-Vu TDB, Chen H, CasseU Alan M (2006) Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofiber Arrays An Advance toward Electrical-Neural Interfaces. Small 2 89-94. 

---