Neodymium alloys using

Figure 16 shows the charge-discharge cycle characteristics of alloys in which part of the nickel component was replaced with cobalt. Misch metal (Mm), which is a mixture of rare earth elements such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium, was used in place of lanthanum. It was found that the partial replacement of nickel with cobalt and the substi-... 

Figure 2.16 shows the charge-discharge cycle characteristics of alloys in which part of the nickel component was replaced with cobalt. Misch metal (Mm), which is a mixture of rare earth elements such as lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium, was used in place of lanthanum. It was found that the partial replacement of nickel with cobalt and the substitution of the lanthanum content with Mm was very useful in improving the charge-discharge cycle life. However, such alloys have insufficient capacity, as shown in Figure 2.17 [18]. From study of the effect that their compositions had on the charge-discharge capacity, it was concluded that the best alloy elements were Mm(Ni-Co-Al-Mn)This alloy led to the commercialization of sealed nickel-M H batteries. All the battery manufacturers who use a rare earth-nickel-type alloy for the negative electrode material employ similar alloys with slightly different compositions.

Gr. neos, new, and didymos, twin) In 1841, Mosander, extracted from cerite a new rose-colored oxide, which he believed contained a new element. He named the element didymium, as it was an inseparable twin brother of lanthanum. In 1885 von Welsbach separated didymium into two new elemental components, neodymia and praseodymia, by repeated fractionation of ammonium didymium nitrate. While the free metal is in misch metal, long known and used as a pyrophoric alloy for light flints, the element was not isolated in relatively pure form until 1925. Neodymium is present in misch metal to the extent of about 18%. It is present in the minerals monazite and bastnasite, which are principal sources of rare-earth metals. 

The reduction diffusion process has also been used for the production of powders of the magnetic neodymium-iron-boron alloy (Nd15Fe77B8). The reaction involves use of a powder mix of neodymium oxide, iron, ferroboron and calcium. The reaction is conducted by heating the powder charge mixture at 1200 °C for 4 h under vacuum. Neodymium-iron-boron alloys are much more prone to oxidation than samarium-cobalt alloys and a proprietary leaching procedure is used for the separation of the alloy and calcium oxide. 

Several other useful modifications of calciothermic reduction have been successfully developed for the preparation of this neodymium-bearing magnetic alloy. One of these is reduction-extraction which involves the reduction of neodymium sesquioxide (Nd203) with calcium in a molten calcium chloride-sodium chloride salt bath at 750 °C and the simultaneous extraction of the reduced metal into a molten neodymium-zinc or neodymium-iron alloy pool. The neodymium-zinc alloy product is treated in vacuum to remove zinc and produce neodymium metal, while the neodymium-iron alloy is itself the end product of... 

Main uses. Calcium is important in steel production. It has a strong ability to alter the oxides and sulphides. Treatment with calcium modifies the melting points of inclusions which rapidly float out of the steel. Calcium is important in one method of producing a neodymium-iron alloy which is a neodymium ferro boron raw material (through, for instance, the reaction Nd203 + Ca + Fe — NdFe + byproducts). 

Neodymium is magnetic and is used in many of the most powerful magnets in the world. Some types of steel contain up to 18% neodymium as an alloy. It is also used as a color for TV tubes and as a tint for eyeglasses. 

Important is the use of light rare earth elonents for production of hard magnetic materials. Most prominent are alloys of samarium with cobalt in the atomic ratio 1 5 or 2 17. It may also be assumed that in further development of these materials on a larger scale that praseodymium, neodymium, lanthanum and also individual heavy rare ecu h elements will be used to achieve particular effects. Interesting is the development of magnetic bubble memories based on gadolinium-galliiimrgarnets. 

Misch metal is an alloy of about 50% cerium, 25% lanthanum, 15% neodymium and 10% other rare earth metals. Uses include manufacture of a pyrophoric alloy with iron and deoxidizer in metallurgical applications, getter for removal of oxygen from vacuum tubes, high strength magnesium alloys. 

MagnaCat A process for selectively removing metal-contaminated catalyst particles from an FCC reactor by magnetic separation. A high-strength magnet made from a neodymium-boron-iron alloy is used. Developed by the Ashland Oil, which sold it to MW Kellogg in 1997. 

Neodymium has long been used in coloring glass and is now used in making lasers, very powerful magnets, and special alloys. 

FP-3 (yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, gadolinium, terbium)—are soluble ( 15 wt %) in the process alloy and are removed by selective extraction into the salt after the reduction. This is a salt-transport step and is used as the method of controlling the FP-3 concentration in the process stream and of consolidating the FP-3 for waste handling. 

Use Neodymium salts, electronics, alloys, colored glass, (especially in astronomical lenses and lasers), to increase heat resistance of magnesium, metallurgical research, yttrium-garnet laser dope, gas scavenger in iron and steel manufacture. 

In recent years, new permanent magnets have come on the market. They are made of an alloy of iron, neodymium and boron. They exhibit strong stable fields. They are strong enough that they have displaced superconductor magnets in some classes of medical magnetic resonance machines. Their use... 

Cerium is the principal metal in the alloy called misch metal. Misch metal is 50 percent cerium combined with lanthanum, neodymium, and a small amount of iron. Misch metal is used to make the flints for lighters. Cerium is often included in alloys of iron and other metals such as magnesium. A high-temperature alloy of three percent cerium with magnesium is used for jet engines. Some of cerium s compounds—for example, cerium(IV) oxide —are used to polish lenses, mirrors, and televi-... 

Uses. — Pure metallic cerium has no commercial uses, but its alloys are both interesting and capable of wide application. The most important of these is the alloy called misch metal, mixed metal, commercial cerium, or simply cerium, It is essentially a mixture of cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, and praseodymium, but as usually prepared it contains from 1-5 per cent iron and very small amounts of other elements. The most abundant constituent is cerium, which sometimes runs as high as 70 per cent or more, though generally it is about half of the mixture. The alloy is produced from the rare earth residues of monazite sand. This mineral is used in large quantities for the manufacture of incandescent gas mantles (see Thorium Uses), which usually contain 99 per cent thoria and 1 per cent ceria. The composition of various monazites is shown in Table XXVI. 

Lai -j Ce TbyP04 exhibit strong green emission radiation. Such kinds of compounds are called phosphors and are used to display color in television. Terbium is also used as an alloy material in compact discs, see also Cerium Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Holmium Lanthanum Lutetium Neodymium Praseodymium Promethium Samarium Ytterbium. 

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