Nebulizers cone spray

Sharp, B.L. The Cone Spray Nebulizer. British Technology Group, Patent Assignment No 8432338(1984). 

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a typical commercial inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument (A) liquid sample, (B) peristaltic pump, (C) nebulizer, (D) spray chamber, (E) argon gas inlets, (F) load coil, (G) sampler cone, (H) skimmer cone, (I) ion lenses, (J) quadrupole, (K) electron multiplier detector, (L) computer.

The ICP-OES nebulizers can aspirate up to 1-2% dissolved solids (a dry wine has 2-4% total extract). Some nebulizers, such as the Babington and cone-spray nebulizers, were studied to handle as much as 15-20% dissolved solids, but are not ideally conceived for use in ICP-MS. Pneumatic nebulizers are commonly used to generate an aerosol of samples with dissolved components below 0.2%. Pneumatic devices are made from glass or different kinds of polymers and use argon as nebulizer gas. The characteristics of some of the most popular pneumatic nebulizers are detailed below. 

Sn Bu2Sn +, Bu3Sn+, Pli2Sn + and Pli3Sn Harbor sediment Reversed phase Kromasil-100 15 cm X 2.1 mm, 5 pm APCI-MS ICP-MS Triethylamine used to improve chromatography for BusSn mass spectra for different OTCs reported low flow rate, oxygen added post-nebulization, chilled spray chamber and Pt sampler cone used for ICP-MS 1998 438... 

The cone-spray nebulizer is a more efficient design of the previously described slot nebulizer. A diagram of this type of nebulizer is shown in Figure 5.16. Instead of a slot, where sample approaches the orifice from only one direction, the cone spray consists of a three-dimension funnel-shaped depression made in an inert material, such as sapphire, with an orifice positioned in the bottom of the funnel. Sample is introduced into the funnel from above and is concentrated on the orifice as it flows to the bottom. A commercially available version of this nebulizer has an orifice with a 216-p,m diameter and operates at about 32 psi.The long-term precision of this nebulizer has been shown to be about 1% over an 8-h period of time. 

HR-ICP-MS EEEMENT-2 (Pinnigan MAT, Germany) equipped with a standard introduction system (quartz water-cooled spray chamber, concentric nebulizer, torch with 1.5 mm i.d. injector and nickel cones) was used for measurements. The following operating conditions were used RP power 1150 W, coolant gas flow rate 16 1 min k auxiliary gas flow rate 0.85 1 min nebulizer gas flow rate 1.2 1 min k Sample uptake rate was 0.8-1 ml min k Measurements were performed with low and middle resolutions. Rh was used as an internal standard. Por calibration working standard solutions were prepared by diluting the multielemental stock solutions CPMS (SPEX, USA) with water to concentration range from 5 ng to 5 p.g I k... 

Factors may be classified as quantitative when they take particular values, e.g. concentration or temperature, or qualitative when their presence or absence is of interest. As mentioned previously, for an LC-MS experiment the factors could include the composition of the mobile phase employed, its pH and flow rate [3], the nature and concentration of any mobile-phase additive, e.g. buffer or ion-pair reagent, the make-up of the solution in which the sample is injected [4], the ionization technique, spray voltage for electrospray, nebulizer temperature for APCI, nebulizing gas pressure, mass spectrometer source temperature, cone voltage in the mass spectrometer source, and the nature and pressure of gas in the collision cell if MS-MS is employed. For quantification, the assessment of results is likely to be on the basis of the selectivity and sensitivity of the analysis, i.e. the chromatographic separation and the maximum production of molecular species or product ions if MS-MS is employed. 

The sample is introduced into the ICP as a liquid which must usually contain less than 0.1% dissolved solids to prevent salt build-up on the nickel cones (see Section 5.3). This is in contrast to ICP-AES, which can tolerate up to 1% dissolved solids. The sample is converted to an aerosol by means of a pneumatic nebulizer, and the droplets pass through a spray chamber, into the injector tube of the quartz torch and thence into the central channel of the ICP. These processes are identical with those described for ICP-AES (see Section 4.4.3), and the different types of... 

If there is a considerable difference in concentration between samples or standards that are analyzed in sequence, a memory effect may occur. This effect is caused by sample deposition on the cones and in the spray chamber it also depends on which type of nebulizer is being used. The washout time between samples must be long enough to bring the system down to a blank value. 

Liver and kidney (Subramanian and Meranger, 1982) - 1 g samples are digested with 8 mL cone. HNO3 + 2 mL cone. HCIO4 in 50 mL Pyrex beakers on a sand bath, taken to near dryness, dissolved in 1 mL cone. HCI, made up to 10 mL with 0.5 M HCI and pumped at 2 to 2.5 mL/min into a cross-flow nebulizer equipped with a Scott spray chamber. Instrumentation ARL model QA-137 ICP-AES spectrometer, argon plasma, 27.12 MHz. A = 231.60 nm, forward power 1600 50 W, observation height 16 mm above the induction coil. Detection limit (blank -1- 2 S.D.) 0.01 mg/L. Correction for Fe and Mg required. 

Cones (orifice diameter, mm) Spray chamber Nebulizer... 

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