Nebulizer continuous

The solution to be nebulized can be a one-off sample, pumped or drawn into the nebulizer at a rate varying from a few microliters per minute to several milliliters per minute. Alternatively, the supply of solution can be continuous, as when the nebulizer is placed on the end of a liquid chromatographic column. 

If the nurse is responsible for administering the medication by nebulization, it is important to place the patient in a location where he can sit comfortably for 10 to 15 minutes. The compressor is plugged in and the medication mixed as directed, or the prepared unit dose vial is emptied into the nebulizer. Different types of medication are not mixed without checking with the physician or the pharmacist. The mask or mouthpiece is assembled and the tubing connected to the compressor. The patient is placed in a comfortable, upright position with the mask over the nose and mouth. The mask must fit properly so that the mist does not flow up into the eyes. If using a mouthpiece instead of a mask, have the patient place the mouthpiece into the mouth. The compressor is turned on and the patient instructed to take slow, deep breaths. If possible, the patient should hold his breath for 10 seconds before slowly exhaling. The treatment is continued until the medication chamber is empty. After treatment, the mask is washed with hot, soapy water, rinsed well, and allowed to air dry. 

However, there are a number of issues here. In the first place, stress itself is a somewhat nebulous concept, and there is continuing debate about how it should be defined. Second, even with the benefit of multivariate statistics and the techniques of bioinformatics, measuring stress from all sources in a meaningful way is dauntingly complex and may not be realizable in practice. 

Albuterol 2.5-5 mg nebulized every hour ° Ipratropium 500 meg nebulized every hour ° Continue therapy for 1-3 h, provided there is improvement ° Consider corticosteroid... 

Monitor serum potassium in patients receiving high-dose or continuous nebulization of a short-acting p2-agonist. Serum potassium concentrations should be obtained upon admission, and if hypokalemic, every 4 hours (after each 30 to 40 mEq or mmol of replacement) until the patient s potassium is stable. Potassium should be monitored every 3 to 6 months after discharge. 

This chapter describes use of solid-surface room temperature phosphorimetry (SSRTP) as a detection technique in the liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis of caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. Measurements were made in a continuous mode, using a 2-nebulizer automatic system for SSRTP analysis (previously optimized for LC detection). Use of SSRTP and UV absorption detection was compared under identical experimental conditions.38... 

Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization. As its name reveals, APCI[16] is a Cl carried out at atmospheric pressure instead of under vacuum, as occurs for classical Cl. As for ESI, the sample must be in a solution that is continuously flowing into the APCI source (flow rate between 0.2 and 2 ml min ). The solution passes through a pneumatic nebulizer and is desolvated in a heated quartz tube or heating block, thus producing vaporization of solvent and analyte molecules (Figure 2.4). 

The introduction of samples via nebulizers requires that they are either pneumatically or peristaltically pumped into the nebulizer for aerosol formation. This restricts the range of viscosities that can be easily handled by the nebulizer. For example highly saline or oil samples may well have to be diluted by an order of magnitude or greater. This dilution can be carried out either in a batch mode or continuously. Batch systems are quite complex in design but the rate of analysis is high. It is often the case that where dilution is required, in addition, a fast rate of analysis is also desirable. Some batch systems have been introduced commercially, notably to monitor wear metals in the oil industry. 

A theoretical study of factors which affect pneumatic nebulizers (nebulizer geometry, capillary diameter, temperature fluctuations, gas pressure, solution viscosity, etc.] has been published by Heineman (24). Ultrasonic nebulization (which produces both smaller droplets and a narrower droplet size distribution] continues to attract attention (93, 95). 

Doses Continuous flow nebulization Intermittent flow nebulization ... 

Do not exceed the maximum daily dose of 8 mg with an intermittent flow nebulization system or 14 mg with a continuous flow nebulization system. 

Nebulization (tent, croupette) Very large volumes are required, occasionally up to 300 mL during a treatment period. The dose is the volume of solution that will maintain a very heavy mist in the tent or croupette for the desired period. Administration for intermittent or continuous prolonged periods, including overnight, may be desirable. 

Continued nebuiization Continued nebulization of acetylcysteine with a dry gas results in concentration of drug in the nebulizer due to evaporation. Extreme concentration may impede nebulization and drug delivery. Dilute with Sterile Water for Injection as concentration occurs. 

Acute broncftospasm Inhalation 4-8 puffs q20min up to 4 hr, then ql-4h as needed. Nebulization 2.5-5 mg q20minfor 3 doses, then 2.5-10 mgq l-4hor 10-15 mg/hr continuously. 

After ignition aspirate water continuously. Using a 10 cm measuring cylinder, check that the uptake rate of the nebulizer is within the range quoted by the manufacturer. Adjust if necessary. 

There are other aerosol methods which can yield uniform powders, such as by dispersing aqueous dispersions of particles (e.g. of latex) and evaporating the water (12). In this case each droplet should contain only one particle, a task not easily accomplished. Alternatively, it is possible to nebulize solutions of electrolytes or other substances, which on removal of the liquid result in solid particles, dispersed in the carrier gas (13,14). This process has been expanded to include sintering of resulting solid aerosols in a continuous process to produce powders for various applications (15-18). 

Electrospray ionization is one of several variations of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) as applied to the outlet of an HPLC unit attached to the inlet of the mass spectrometer. These variations have in common the formation of a very fine spray (nebulization) from which the solvent can be quickly removed. The small particles are then ionized by a corona discharge at atmospheric pressure and swept by the continuous flow of the particles and a small electrical potential that moves the positively charged particles through a small orifice into the evacuated mass spectrometer. 

Aridus, USN operated in the continuous mode versus the DS-5 nebulizer used in the flow injection mode) for solution introduction in 1CP-SFMS (Element, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen) for uranium determination in aqueous solution75 are summarized in Table 5.3. 

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