Nausea glucagon

Diazoxide is a potassium channel opener with a rapid antihypertensive action after intravenous administration. Diazoxide causes hyperglycaemia which may underlie side-effects such as nausea and vomiting, cardiac dysrhythmia and ketosis. Diazoxide was used occasionally in the management of hypertensive emergencies, but it is now largely abandoned for this indication. Diazoxide is an alternative for glucagons in patients with hypogycaemia. 

Sitagliptin is a selective dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor which increases the active form of GLP-1 (glucagon-like-peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide). This enzyme-inhibiting drug is to be used either alone or in combination with metformin or a thiazolidinedione for control of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adverse effects were as common with sitagliptin (whether used alone or with metformin or pioglitazone) as they were with placebo, except for nausea and common cold-like symptoms. 

Transient nausea and occasional vomiting can result from glucagon administration. These are generally mild, and glucagon is relatively free of severe adverse reactions. 

Pramlintide Analog of amylin Binds to amylin Reduces post-meal glucose excursions Lowers glucagons levels, slows gastric Type 1 and type 2 Parenteral (subcutaneous) rapid onset half-life 48 min Toxicity Nausea, anorexia, hypoglycemia,... 

Glucagon can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (13). Skin... 

Ranganath L, Schaper F, Gama R, Morgan L. Mechanism of glucagon-induced nausea. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999 51(2) 260-1. 

In a crossover study, 20 patients with type 2 diabetes were treated for 6 weeks with glucagon-like peptide-1 or saline added to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion glucagon-like peptide-1 reduced appetite and caused nausea and reduced well-being (3). 

In healthy volunteers, a fatty acid derivative of glucagon-like peptide-1, NN2211, which binds to albumin and has a half-life of about 12 hours, caused more dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting than placebo (4,5). 

Exenatide (synthetic exendin-4, from the saliva from a lizard), which has a 53% overlap with glucagon-like peptide-1 and which also binds to the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, has been investigated in a placebo-controlled study for 28 days in 116 patients with type 2 diabetes in addition to a sulfonylurea or metformin (1). The most common adverse effects were nausea (mostly only in the first week) and mild to moderate hypoglycemia, for which no treatment was needed. 

The glucagon/insulin ratio can rise under certain pathological conditions (i.e., insulin-dependent diabetes). A small percentage of diabetics develop ketoacidosis, a condition that results from the overproduction and underuhlization of ketone bodies. Increased concentrations of p hydmxybutyrate and acetoacetate, which are acids, can cause a drop in the pH of the blood. This acidification, known as acidosis, can impair the ablLity of the heart to contract and result in a loss of consciousness and coma, which, in rare cases, may be fatal. Diabetic ketoacidosis may manifest as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. A subject may hyperventilate (breathe quickly and deeply) to correct acidosis, as described under Sodium, Potassium, and Water in Chapter 10. It is the responsibility of the clinician, when confronted with a subject whose breath smells of acetone or who is hyperventilating, to facilitate prompt treatment. 

Glucagon, whose regulalory crfect on carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism is well understood, is therapeutically important. It is recommended for the treatment of severe hypoglycemic reactions cau.sed by the administration of in-.sulin to diabetic or psychiatric patients. Of course, this treatment is effective only when hepatic glycogen is available. Nausea and vomiting are the most frequently encountered reactions to glucagon. 

Octreotide is a long-acting somatostatin analog that inhibits the secretion of serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin, motilin, insulin, glucagons, secretin, and pancreatic polypeptide. It is used for the control of symptoms in patients with carcinoid and vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas). Its major toxicity is nausea and vomiting. 

The administration of glucagon can he useful to induce relaxation of small bowel and reduction of peristalsis the administration of meteclopramide is also suggested to prevent nausea and vomiting. 

Gastrointestinal The most common side effect of glucagon observed in a study evaluating its safety and efficacy for the relief of acute esophageal food impaction was nausea and vomiting. Glucagon was also determined to decrease the likelihood of resolution of esophageal food impaction. [1 ]... 

---