Stress natural killer cells

IL-1 (17.5) Monocyte/macrophage, lymphocyte, neutrophil, endothelium, fibroblast keratinocyte Activation of T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, osteoblasts, and endothelium. Induces fever, sleep, anorexia, ACTH release, hepatic acute phase protein synthesis and HSPs. Leads to myocardial depression, hypercoagulability, hypotension/sbock, and death. Simulates production of TNF, IL-6, and IL-8 and stress hormone release. Suppression of cytochrome P-450, thyro-globulin, and lipoprotein synthesis. Procoagulant activity. Antiviral activity. 

Byrnes, D. M., M. H. Antoni, K. Goodkin, j. Efantis-Potter, D. Asthana, T. Simon et al., Stressful Events, Pessimism, Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity, and Cytotoxic/Suppressor T Cells in Hiv+ Black Women at Riskfor Cervical Cancer , Psychosomatic Medicine 60 (1998) 714-22... 

Levy, S. M. et al., Persistently low natural killer cell activity, age, and environmental stress as predictors of infectious morbidity, Nat. Immun, Cell. Growth Regul., 10, 289, 1991. 

Coe, C.L. and Erickson, C., Stress decreases natural killer cell activity in the young monkey even after blockade of steroid and opiate hormone receptors, Dev. Psychobiol., 30, 1, 1997. 

Bonneau, R. H. et al., Stress-induced suppression of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell activity and enhancement of acute pathogenesis following local HSV infection, Brain Behav. Immun., 5, 170, 1991. 

Hunzeker, J. et al., Modulation of natural killer cell activity by restraint stress during an influenza A/PR8 infection in mice, Brain Behav. Immun., 18, 526, 2004. 

Shavit, Y. et al., Effects of a single administration of morphine or footshock stress on natural killer cell cytotoxicity, Brain Behav. Immun., 1, 318, 1987. 

Stress is frequently a trigger factor for depression in vulnerable patients. There is clinical evidence to show that CRT is elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of untreated depressed patients, which presumably leads to the hypercortisolaemia that usually accompanies the condition. One of the consequences of elevated plasma glucocorticoids is a suppression of some aspects of cellular immunity. It is now established that many cellular (for example, natural killer cell activity, T-cell replication) and non-cellular (for example, raised acute phase proteins) aspects are abnormal in the untreated depressed patient. Such observations could help to explain the susceptibility of depressed patients to physical ill health. 

Exercise poses a stress on the immune system however, moderate chronic exercise may enhance positive immune functions. Severe or intense long-term exercise may compromise the immune system by suppressing concentrations of lymphocytes, natural-killer cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation, and secretory IgA. During the period of immune impairment ( open window"), microbial agents may invade the host and cause infections. The changes in immune functions, lower exercise capacity, and nutritional factors in the elderly may lead to a greater and longer open window period, increased risk of infections which may contribute to morbidity and mortality. 

Recent studies showed that stress is able to cause an increase in the level of norepinephrine, CRF, ACTH, cortisol (the stress hormones), IL-1, IL-2, and natural killer cells, and an increase in the level of PGE2 (Chavali, et al., 1998 Van Doornrn, et al., 1998). On the other hand, IL-2 induces an increase in CRF, ACTH, and cortisol (Denicoff, et al., 1989 Hanisch, et al 1994, Karanath, et al., 1995). Stress and IL-2 induces an increase of p-endorphin level (the natural painkiller opiate peptide). 

Locke, S. E. et al. (1984). Life change stress, psychiatric symptoms and natural killer cell activity. Psychosomatic Medicine A6 441-53. 

Ben-Eliyahu S, Page GG, Yirmiya R, Shakhar G (1999) Evidence that stress and surgical interventions promote tumor development by suppressing natural killer cell activity. Int J Cancer 80 880-888... 

Levy S, Herberman R, Lippman M, d"Angelo T (1987) Correlation of stress factors with sustained depression of natural killer cell activity and predicted prognosis in patients with breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 5 348-353... 

Stress-related immune dysregulation also involves the synthesis of hormones including ACTH, growth hormone, and prolactin.14-17 Interestingly, it has also been demonstrated that various aspects of the immune response, for example., proliferation of B- and T-cells, cytokine production, antibody production, chemotaxis of monocytes and neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, can be affected by glucocorticoids (including cortisol) as well as peptides such as ACTH, CRH, endorphins, substance P, and somatostatin.1218... 

Oya H, Kawamura T, Shimizu T, Bannai M, Kawamura H, Minagawa M, Watanabe H, Hatakeyama K, Abo T (2000) The differential effect of stress on natural killer T (NKT) and NK cell function. Clin Exp Immunol, 121 384-390. 

---