National Renewable Energy Laboratories , biomass

First Biomass Conference of the Americas Energy, Environment, Agriculture, andindustry, NREL/CP-200-5768, DE930/0050, Proceedings Vols. I—III, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colo., 1993, 1942 pp. 

Fig. 7. Biofuels and biomass electricity production. Courtesy of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Werpy, T. Peterson, G. (eds) (2004) Top Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass, Vol. 1. Results of Screening of Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, US, August 2004. 

Miles, T. R., T.R. Miles Jr., L.L. Baxter, R.W. Bryers, B.M. Jenkens, and L.L. Oden, 1996b. Alkali Deposits found in Biomass Power Plants. Vol. II. NREL/TP-433-8142. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado. 

Spath, P., Aden, A., Eggeman, T. el al. (2005). Biomass to Hydrogen Production -Detailed Design and Economics Utilizing the Battelle Columbus Laboratory Indirectly-heated Gasifier. Battelle National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37408.pdf. 

NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory). Lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol process design and economics utilizing co-current dilute add prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis for com stover. Golden, CO US (2002). Report available on web http //www.mel.gov/ docs/ fy02osti/32438.pdf... 

Milne, T.A., Elam, C.C., Evans, R.J. 2002. Hydrogen from biomass state of the art and research challenges 1-82. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO. 

Stevens, D.J. 2001. Hot gas conditioning Recent progress with larger-scale biomass gasification systems. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/SR-510-29952, Golden, CO. 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Learning about renewable energy, http //www.nrel.gov/leaming/re biomass.html... 

Spath, P.L. Dayton, D.C. Preliminary screening—Technical and economic assessment of synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals with emphasis on the potential for biomass-derived syngas, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, 2003, http // www.nrel.gov / docs/ fy()4osti /34929.pdf... 

The biomass material studied was com stover (includes all aboveground portions of the corn plant except the grain and cob). Milled (passed through a 6-mm screen) and dried (about <10% moisture content) com stover was provided by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)... 

Ruiz, R. and Ehrman, T. (1996), Determination of carbohydrates in biomass by performance liquid chromatography, in Laboratory Analytic Procedure LAP-002, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO. 

The DM content of the samples was determined by drying duplicate samples for 16 h in an oven at 105°C according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) standard method for determination of total solids in biomass, LAP-001 (11). Total ash content was determined by ashing samples in triplicate at 575°C in a muffle furnace according to the NREL standard method for ash in biomass, LAP-005 (12). 

Although ASPEN-Plus is widely used to simulate petrochemical processes, its uses for modeling biomass processes are limited owing to the limited availability of physical properties that best describe biomass components such as cellulose, xylan, and lignin. For example, Lynd et al. (1) used conventional methods to calculate the economic viability of a biom-ass-to-ethanol process. However, with the development by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) of an ASPEN-Plus physical property database for biofuels components, modified versions of ASPEN-Plus software can now be used to model biomass processes (2). Wooley et al. (3) used ASPEN-Plus simulation software to calculate equipment and energy costs for an entire biomass-to-ethanol process that made use of dilute-H2S04 acid pretreatment. 

US Department of Energy s Office of the Biomass Program (DOE-OBP) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)... 

Spath, P.L. and Dayton, D.C. 2003. Preliminary Screening — Technical and Economic Assessment of Synthesis Gas to Fuels and Chemicals with Emphasis on the Potential for Biomass-Derived Syngas. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-510-34929, http //www.nrel.gov/docs/fy04osti/34929.pdf... 

Spath, P. and Mann, M. Biomass Power and Conventional Fossil Systems with and without C02 Sequestration— Comparing the Energy Balance, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economics NREL/TP-510-32575 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, 2004. 

Aden, A., Ruth, M., Ibsen, K., Jechura, J., Neeves, K., et al., Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol Process Design and Economics Utilizing Co-Current Dilute Acid Prehydrolysis and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Corn Stover NREL Report No. TP-510-32438 available online at URL http //www.nrel.gov/publications/ National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, June, 2002, 2002 p. 154. 

Milne, T. A., Abatzoglou, N., and Evans, R. J. Biomass Gasifier Tars " Their Nature, Formation, and Conversion NREL Report No. TP-570-25357 National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, CO, November 1998, 1998 p. 202. 

Margaret Mann and Ralph Overend, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Hydrogen from Biomass Prospective Resources, Technologies, and Economics, presentation to the committee, January 22, 2003. 

Milne T.A., C.C. Elam, and R.J. Evans. 2002. Hydrogen from Biomass— State of the Art and Challenges. IEA/H2/TR-02/001. Golden, Colo. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 

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