Nascent state

In the past it had been a popular belief that the electrochemical reduction of any inorganic or organic substance involves the primary electrochemical formation of a special, active form of hydrogen in the nascent state (in statu nascendi) and subsequent chemical reaction of this hydrogen with the substrate. However, for many reduction reactions a mechanism of direct electron transfer from the electrode to the substrate could be demonstrated. It is only in individual cases involving electrodes with superior hydrogen adsorption that the mechanism above with an intermediate formation of adsorbed atomic hydrogen is possible. 

With Arsenic —Hydrogen does not directly combine with arsenic, but if an arsenic compound is in solution in a liquid in which hydrogen is being generated, i.e. hydrogen in the nascent state, chemical union takes place. Thus, if arsenious oxide is dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid and a piece of metallic zinc is added, the hydrogen produced by the action of the add on the zinc will combine with the arsenic, in accordance with the following equation —... 

It unites directly with hydriodic and hydrobromio acids when they are presented to it in the nascent state, forming compounds isomorpbous with the corresponding substances in the nitrogen series —... 

In certain chemical and biological as well in some unit operations, foaming occurs to such an extent that the process is severely impaired or even comes to a complete standstill. For example, chemical reaction systems tend to foam if a gas is formed in nascent state, because such minute gas bubbles do not coalesce to form larger ones and therefore remain in the system. Expulsion of residual monomers after emulsion polymerization often involves serious foaming problems because, in this case, very fine gas bubbles are formed in a material system which contains emulsifiers, i.e. foam producing surfactants. 

A part of the aeetoxime will split up upon electrolysis, oxides of nitrogen being given off, and these latter in the nascent state will convert any unchanged aeetoxime into propylpseudonitrole. A blue nitroso-compound can be isolated from the anode solution. A diaphragm is unnecessary in these experiments. Diethylketoxime and methylethylketoxime behave just like aeetoxime. 

The energy characteristic of the nascent state is attributed by Zenghelis to the very fine state of division of the reacting gas. 

Metal-containing compounds appear to be the most promising flame retardants. Research in this direction is still in the nascent state but the very first results demonstrate the high effectiveness of this type of flame retardants and iheir ability to control the combustion process on a catalytic level. 

Baxendale et al. observed, by pulse radiolysis, that Ag° as well as Agj, produced by the scavenging of hydrated electrons e and H radicals, were easily oxidized by oxygen back to Ag". This observation demonstrated that the silver atom and the first oligomers deviate from the known noble character of bulk silver. In the case of Cu" irradiated in liquid ammonia, no stable copper clusters were formed. However, molecular hydrogen was instead produced, as a consequence of copper corrosion in its nascent state.Therefore it was... 

The role of the HPA axis in coordinating responses to stressors, and the role of the immune system in mediating the sickness response, underscore this reciprocal relationship between the CNS and the immune system. However, the relationship is complex, and it should be clear that we are in the early stages of understanding how immune tissue can contribute to psychiatric disorders. In spite of this nascent state of knowledge, the evidence for hyper-reactivity of the HPA axis and the alterations in cytokine levels observed in both MDD and schizophrenia serve as a foundation for further research establishing a causative relationship between alterations in immune system function and these debilitating CNS disorders. 

Today, no less than when these words were written, the proper orientation of science is toward the future. Yet, the uses of the scientific past are also becoming clearer— not the least being the continued application of Maxwell s memorable dictum on the didactic value of the study of historical accounts and of original works in science, found in the preface to the Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism It is of great advantage to the student of any subject to read the original memoirs on that subject, for science is always most completely assimilated when it is in the nascent state., . ... 

The occluded gas is driven off by the application of heat, and possesses great chemical activity, rimilar to that >raich it has when in the nascent state. This latter qui ty would seem to indicate that the gas ia contained in the metal, not in a mere physical state of condensation, but in chemical combination. 

At tbe instant that H is liberated from its compounds it has a deoxidizing power similar to that which ordinary H possesses only at elevated temperatures. Tbe greater energy of H, and of other elements as well, in this nascent states may be thus explained free H exists in the form of molecules, each one of which ia composed of two atoma At the instant of its liberation from a compound, on the other hand, it is in the form of individual atoms, and tliat portion of force required to split up the mole cule into atoms, necesaary when free H enters into reaction, is not i e-quired when the gas is in the nascent state, and consequently a less addition of force in tbe shape of heat is required to bring about the reaction. 

It is partly decomposed into its elements by heat Mixed with O it is decomposed, even in the dark, with formation of H,0 and liberation of I. Under the i uence of sunlight the gas is slowly decomposed, although its solutions are not so affected, if they be free from air. Chlorine and bromine decompose it, with liberation of iodine. With many metals it forme iodide It yields up its H readily ami is used in organic chemistry as a source of that element in the nascent state. 

I. and 8, and with most of the metals. With H it only combinee when that element is in the nascent state. Warm, concentrated HyB9i ia decomposed by As with formation of SO, A O, and H,0. Nitric add is leadily decomposed, giving up its O to tlxe formation of arsenic acid. With hot HCl, arsenic triohloride is formed. When fused with potassium hydrate, arsenic is oxidized, H is given off, and a mixture of potassium sr-senite and arsenide remains, which by greater heat is converted into arsenic, which volatilizes, and potassium arsenate, which remaixis. 

NH,) + 9H,0 tiie hydrogen being liberated in the nascent state in contact with niti benzol by the action of iron filings on acetic acid. 

Because of the nascent state of systems biology, only few textbooks are available [24-26]. 

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