Nasal formulation peptide-based

The administration of systemically acting products via the nasal route began in the 1980s. The peptide oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contraction and lactation, was one of the first nasally administered peptide hormones. Meanwhile, several peptide-based nasal formulations entered the market. Currently, more attention is being paid to this delivery system due to the increasing demands of new highly potent drug formulations. In addition, patients expectations for... 

A host of bioadhesive controlled release systems have been proposed in recent years. Among the most commonly studied applications of bioadhesive materials is the area of buccal controlled delivery [408], The buccal delivery of small peptides from bioadhesive polymers was studied by Bodde and coworkers [409], and a wide range of compositions based on poly(butyl acrylate) and/or poly(acrylic acid) gave satisfactory performance. Bioadhesive poly(acrylic add)-based formulations have also been used for oral applications [402,410] for the sustained delivery of chlorothiazide [410] and for a thin bioadhesive patch for treatment of gingivitis and periodontal disease [411]. Other bioadhesive applications of polyelectrolytes include materials for ophthalmic vehicles [412,413], and systems for oral [410,414,415-419], rectal [420,421] vaginal [422] and nasal [423] drug delivery. 

Nasal administration. Apart from parenteral administration, controlled release dosage forms based upon the microsphere concept should have application to other routes of administration. Microspheres in the form of pellets have been used to deliver drugs to the gastrointestinal tract and other examples include the administration of microspheres to the eye and topically to the lungs. In recent studies Ilium (20) has employed microspheres as possible controlled release formulations for nasal application. Such studies have relevance to the delivery of novel macromolecular compounds such as peptides and proteins. 

Hormones, proteins, and small peptides are not suitable for oral administration without complex modifications in the formulation. A variety of approaches for insulin delivery, as a model drug, have been attempted to improve on its bioavailability. Advances have been realized in the delivery of insulin through oral, nasal, rectal, dermatologic, and ocular routes. Proteins can also be delivered transdermally, using a lipid-based, biphasic delivery system in therapeutic quantity. 

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