Chromoplast membranes from

Beyer, R, Croncke, U., and Nievelstein, V., Biochemical aspects of carotene desaturation and cyclization in chromoplasts membranes from Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Pure Appl. Chem. 66, 1047, 1994. 

Beyer P (1987) Solubilization and reconstitution of carotenogenic enzymes from daffodil chromoplast membranes using 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-l-propane Sulfonate. In Methods Enzymol 148 392-400... 

AL-BABiLi s, VON LiNTiG J, HAUBRUCK H and BEYER p (1996) A novel, soluble form of phytoene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus chromoplasts is Hsp70-complexed and competent for flavinylation, membrane association and enzymatic activation . Plant J,9, 601-12. 

Beyer, R, Weiss, G., and Kleinig, H., Solubilization and reconstitution of the membrane-bound carotenogenic enzymes from daffodil chromoplasts, Eur. J. Biochem. 153, 341, 1985. 

Carotenoids involved in photosynthesis are bound to and help stabilize chlorophyll-protein complexes, of which various types occur in the lamellar membranes of chloroplasts (Fig. 1-10). Carotenoids also are found in organelles known as chromoplasts, which are about the size of chloroplasts and are often derived from them. For instance, lycopene (red) is in tomato fruit chromoplasts, and a- and pi-carotenes (orange) occur in carrot root chromoplasts. A great diversity of carotenoids occurs in the chromoplasts of flower petals, which is important for attracting pollinators, and fruits, which aids in seed dispersal by attracting other animals. 

Chromatophores 1. plastids of higher plants Chloroplasts (see), Chromoplasts (see) and Leuco-plasts (see). 2. The photosynthetic organelle of Photosynthetic bacteria (see). Bacterial C. are intraplasmatic membranes originating from the cell membrane. They may exist as closed vesicles or as flattened stacks, whose membranes contain the photosynthetic pigments, and the components of photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation. 

Excess amounts of plastid quinones and carotenoids are accumulated in plastoglobuli which are found in chloroplasts as well as in chromoplasts. During synthesis of certain types of chromo-plasts tubular structures are formed from thylakoids which contain appreciably amounts of carotenoids. In other types myelin-like carotenoid-containing membrane convolutes are built After massive accumulation of single carotenoid species large membrane-covered crystals, e.g., of j5-carotene and lycopene may be detected. 

Chromoplasts from the daffodil flower (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) are well suited for in vitro investigations on the biosynthesis of tetraterpenoid carotenes. Soluble enzymes of the chromoplast stroma convert the hydrophilic substrate isopen-tenyl diphosphate (IPP) to the liphophilic and membrane associated phytoene, further carotenes are then formed by integrate membrane enzymes (Beyer et al. 1980). 

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