Naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid surfactant

There are three main uses for naphthalene sulfonic acid derivatives (75—79) as naphthalenic tanning material alkyl naphthalene sulfonates for industrial appHcations as nondetergent wetting agents and as dye intermediates. Consumption of naphthalene sulfonates as surfactants accounts for a large portion of usage. Naphthalene sulfonate—formaldehyde condensates are also used as concrete additives to enhance flow properties. Demand for naphthalene sulfonates in surfactants and dispersent appHcations, particularly in concrete, was expected to increase into the twenty-first century. Consumption as of 1995 was 16 x 10 kg/yr. 

Chem. Descrip. Sodium naphthalene sulfonic acid condensate Uses Surfactant Properties Lt. brn. powd. 

Naphthalenols, naphthalenediols, and their sulfonated and amino derivatives are important intermediates for dyes, agricultural chemicals, drugs, perfumes, and surfactants. The methods of manufacture include caustic fusion of naphthalene-l-sulfonic acid, hydrolysis of 1-chloro- or... 

Lignosulfonate+ air-detraining agent Lignosulfonate + triethanolamine Hydroxycarboxylic acid Lignosulfonate + surfactant Salt of formaldehyde- naphthalene sulfonate... 

The first well-documented synthetic (nonsoap) materials employed specifically for their surface-active properties were the sulfated oils. Sulfonated castor oil, produced by the action of sulfuric acid on the castor oil, was originally known as turkey red oU. It was introduced in the late nineteenth century as a dyeing aid and is still used in the textile and leather industries today. The first surfactants for general application that have been traditionally classified as synthetic were developed in Germany during World War I in an attempt to overcome shortages of available animal and vegetable fats. Those materials were short-chain alkyl-naphthalene sulfonates prepared by the reaction of propyl or butyl alcohol with... 

Concrete may use plasticizers (e.g., sulphonated melamine and naphthalene formaldehyde condensates), air-entraining agents (aIkyI/aryl sulfonate surfactants), retarders (hydroxy carboxylic acids such as polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonylphenyl ether) and surface washes (benzalkonium chloride) (RAIA 1997). Little has been published on air emissions from concrete additives, their leaching into surface waters appearing to be of greater environmental concern (Ruckstuhl, 2001). 

Using functional molecules as structural directors in the chemical polymerization bath can also produce polyaniline nanostructures. Such structural directors include surfactants [16-18], liquid crystals [19], polyelectrolytes (including DNA) [20,21], or complex bulky dopants [22-24]. It is believed that functional molecules can promote the formation of nanostructured soft condensed phase materials (e.g., micelles and emulsions) that can serve as soft templates for aniline polymerization (Figure 7.3). Polyelectrolytes such as polyacrylic acid, polystyrenesulfonic acid, and DNA can bind aniline monomer molecules, which can be polymerized in situ forming polyaniline nanowires along the polyelectrolyte molecules. Compared to templated syntheses, self-assembly routes are more scalable but they rely on the structural director molecules. It is also difficult to make nanostructures with small diameters (e.g., <50 nm). For example, in the dopant induced self-assembly route, very complex dopants with bulky side groups are needed to obtain nanotubes with diameters smaller than 100 nm, such as sulfonated naphthalene derivatives [23-25], fidlerenes [26], or dendrimers [27,28]. 

Linuron and monolinuron herbicides are prone to base-catalyzed decomposition in water. In order to stabilize the chemicals citric acid is added to bring the final pH to 5-6. Propylene glycol is added as a humectant, retarding evaporation of spray droplets on treated surfaces. The surfactants used are a combination of sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate and sulfonated lignin with an ethoxylated nonylphenol. Suspension of the solid herbicides in water is achieved by thickening the mixture with a synergistic combination of polysaccharide xanthan and a montmorillonite thickener. 

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